International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Relations - Essay Example He was known to be an Athenian; his generation came immediately after that of the Socrates. Although he was not the conversation leader, his dialogue features the Socrates. Plato has the political doctrine attributed to him, it was mainly obtained from the statesman, the laws and even from the republic Taylor, (121-122). He focused mainly on the following; that living a good life is considered to be our actions final end, which is individuals pursuing happiness in life. Plato also highlights that an individual having a good life depend on utilizing personal skills and abilities and that of other different external goods. He further adds that all these require individuals to have virtues. Virtues on the other hand forces individuals to have the knowledge of the good. Plato concludes that the search of happiness required an individual to possess the knowledge of good. Thus through his various contributions Plato is perceived to play a key role in the establishment of the ancient d the medieval political theory. In bringing about the philosophy, polis also resulted in what Aristotle referred to as being two lives. This included the life of politics and that of philosophy. There were several issues that needed clarification and it included; whether philosophers could conduct themselves politically, whether they could be involved in the normal politics in the current regimes or come up with their own, and also if they were suppose remain purely philosophical without getting involved in politics. Considering the above questions, the philosophical life of Socrates was considered as having been involved in politics before experiencing death philosophically. However for both Plato and Aristotle they perceived politics as being less divined and considered it to be less attractive as compared to studying the world truth which to them was extensive. Even though philosophy may handle issues on politics its major task is more as compared to that of politics. It is important to understand that those who established the earlier political philosophy were focused in differentiating and making philosophy independent from the ordinary actions of politics. This does not necessarily imply that they did not possess ordinary intentions of politics, but rather to clearly state that the establishment of political philosophy was meant to problematized the ordinary political life value. Considering the conception of the modern state it greatly varies with the polis philosophy. There is no clear difference between the state and the political life. It is even difficult to determine which one is above the other, which in reality the state should be superior. According to Plato a political community which is just is structured in a manner where every citizen gets an appropriate opportunity to make contribution for the sake of the communities to benefit. Hence, individuals should have virtues which include social virtues, and an individual can attain this through the the oretical teaching and through education provided. The knowledge of the good according to Plato has different ways; it includes the different modes where an individual’s character is trained and the theoretical knowledge obtained. This consists of a particular type of knowledge considered to be of second-order which mostly concerns the appropriate logical patterns and the given criteria used particularly in the epistemic quality of beliefs evaluation. True reality is not always obvious to majority of us mainly because of how we conduct our

Enhancing community intergration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enhancing community intergration - Essay Example Kennedy signed the law requiring states to begin investing in community-based mental health programs rather than funding state institutions for treating individuals with mental illness, the promise remains unfulfilled" In the modern times, meaning of community and its involvement is fast thinning. There is no doubt that we live in a deprived sense of 'loss of community'. Sociologists have untiringly pointed out this bereavement of modern times. "Maurice Stein's 1960 review of major sociological and anthropological community studies concludes with the central finding of a disappearance of the sense of community among residents of the towns studies (Stein 1960)," Rossi (2001, p.32). Even though olden days had their share of mental ill health, modern times of stress and strain have thrown up a plethora of mental health problems for people of all ages, especially for the elderly. Mental health problems could be very difficult for the afflicted person and for his family. As it is mostly a life span problem, with certain relief combined with cure, or sometimes simply progressive, the problem has to be faced for years and decades. Mental health problems cannot be faced in isolation. It needs help from family, school, and more importantly from community and society. ... It is not an individual problem either. It is the problem of community and society and should be treated so. Community has to take fair share of its responsibility because a person going through a mental sickness, or being cured and coming out of it, has a right to expect better and more considerate treatment from community around him. Treatment meted out to him by the community will be taken as standard measurement of his achievement in being cured, or the lack of it. Reaction of the community and people around him could send an individual reeling back into serious and more difficult mental problems, or can encourage him to come out of it. Afflicted person in his hopelessness of future and helplessness will be very watchful and wary of people around him. He would clutch at any kindness, but could turn violent or morose at the very hint of discrimination or ridicule. Mary and Andrew are mother and son, and the son is afflicted by the unfortunate Schizophrenia. We learn from his own words that Andrew treats his mental inadequacies as a form of education and a boon. He feels that he would never come out of his childhood, and experiences the complete happiness of childhood any time again, will never ask for better things and get disillusioned. He has his hobbies, his pets, his ideas and in his small world he is happy. Community around him had been understanding and cooperative and there lies the real root of Andrew's fulfilment. Is Andrew deceiving himself or taking a brighter view of his very difficult-to-cure mental problem It could be anything. But the fact remains that Andrew is happy in the small community, in their house along with his mother Mary. He could be blocking out the difficulties of the

What Is The Pre Modern Society?

What Is The Pre Modern Society? Human history can be divided into three phases: pre-modern, modern and post modern. There is no definite beginning or end to each of these phases; rather they merge into one another, as not all societies moved forward at the same time. Sociology and modernity have been described as closely intertwined, but it has also been argued that sociology is a product of modernity. Sociology came out of something described by Polanyi (1973) as the Great Transformation, a term which refers to social, economic, political and cultural changes, which were the cause of new forms of social life. During this piece I will discuss pre- modern society, the impact industrialisation had on society and why the study of this era is important for sociology. What is Pre- modern Society? In pre-modern society, work was not highly specialised and the number of roles necessary to produce things were relatively small, therefore the division of labour was simple when compared to modern societies. Most of the labour forces engaged in agricultural activity and produced food through subsistence farming. The majority of pre-industrial groups had standards of living not much above survival, meaning most of the population were focused on producing only enough goods for means of survival. The term pre- modern, covers a number of different societal forms: hunter-gatherer, agrarian, horticultural, pastoral and non-industrial. Pre-modern social forms have now virtually disappeared, although they are still in existence in some of todays societies. An example of a hunter- gatherer society that exists today is the Inuit people, who inhabit northern Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Due to the lack of vegetation in these areas of the world, most Inuit people live on a diet of meat. Many Arctic people are extremely mobile like the feudal societies of pre- modern times, and travel around the land, often moving with the seasons, in pursuit of migratory animals. Hunting and gathering societies hunt animals and gather vegetation in order to survive. All humans were hunters and gatherers up until around 12,000 years ago, and although, these societies still exist today in some parts of the world, they are in fast decline as they are being taken over by the advance of industrial society (Macionis J. Plummer K, 2005, p.75). Hunting and gathering societies began to turn into horticultural and pastoral societies after new technology was introduced. People began to use hand tools to help them to farm the land and to work the soil in order to sow seeds. Societies living in mountainous or parched regions turned to pastoralism which is based on the domestication of animals. Some societies combined the two technologies so they could produce a variety of foods. Agrarian societies came about with the discovery of large scale farming, which involved using ploughs which were harnessed to animals. Farmers could work larger plots of land unlike the horticulturists who worked garden sized plots of land. Agrarian societies began to permanently settle and created large food surplus, which they could now transport using animal powered wagons. Increased food production provided societies with surplus materials, which meant the build up of storable produce. This represented a cultural advance for civilisation. With the development of storage, in some rare cases came some social unrest, as what could be stored could also be stolen, although is thought that in pre- modern times there was very little deviance, as communities were extremely close knit and everybody knew each other. This new technology could have also created social inequality as some families produced more goods than others. The families producing more food may have assumed positions of a uthority and privilege. Industrialisation and the making of Modern Society: In order to understand why the study of pre- modern times is vital to sociology, it is important to look to the Industrial Revolution, as this was a time of great change for European society, and the crossing over from pre- modern to modern society. Industrialisation is the process whereby social and economic change transforms a pre- industrial society into an industrial one. Until industrialism the main source of energy was humans and animals, where as mills and factories now used water, and later steam, to power machinery. Industrialism is technology that powers sophisticated machinery with advanced sources of energy (Macionis J. Plummer K, 2005, p.79). During the Industrial revolution, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one taken over by industry and the manufacture of machinery. Rapid industrialisation cost many craft workers their jobs and scores of weavers also found themselves unemployed as they could not compete with machinery. Many unemployed workers turned their anger towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These activists became known as Luddites and became extremely popular. The British government took drastic measures against the Luddites using the army to protect the factories. The Industrial Revolution also saw the emergence of class, urbanisation and the bad conditions in which people had to live and work. Marxism essentially began as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. As the Industrial Revolution progressed so did the gap between class structures. According to Karl Marx, industrialisation polarised society into the bourgeoisie, and the much larger proletariat. Ordinary working people found increased opportunity for employment in the mills and factories and in some cases had no choice but to move to the towns and cities in search of work. By the early 1900s up to eighty per cent of the population of Britain lived in urban centres (Kumar, 1978, cited in Bilton et al, p.28). Using the clock to time ones self, as a basis of social organisation, was an indicator of the emergence of a modern society. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries both agricultural and manufacturing labour became set by the clock in a way that was very different to pre-modern production. In pre-modern times factors such as hours of daylight set work rhythms, whereas the factories were regulated by the clock, labour was synchronised and took place for a certain number of hours each day and on particular days of the week. For the factory owners and their employees, time now equalled money. The working conditions were often strict with long working hours and a pace that was set by machinery and production. With the Industrial Revolution came an increase in population. Education was still limited and therefore children were expected to work. Child labour was appealing to employers as it was cheaper than employing an adult yet productivity was similar. The machines did not require strength to operate and there were no experienced adult labourers as the system was completely new. The majority of ordinary people were greatly affected by capitalism and industrial production. By the late 1900s Englands Black Country was one of the most industrialised parts of the United Kingdom and in the 1830s was described in the following way; The earth seems to have turned inside out. The coal. is blazing on the surface by day and by night the country is flowing with fire, and the smoke of the ironworks hangs over it. There is a rumbling and clanking of iron forges and rolling mills. Workmen covered in smut, and with fierce white eyes, are seen moving amongst the glowing iron and dull thud of the forge-hammers. (Jennings,1985 p.165) Societies were changing faster than they had ever done before and industrial societies had transformed themselves more in a century than societies had for thousands of years before. In the 19th century the invention of the railway and steamships revolutionised transport and made the world feel much smaller than it had previously. The invention of Sociology was created out of concern for a rapidly changing industrial world (Macionis J. Plummer K, 2005). Conclusion: The transition from pre- modernity into modernity was important for sociology as people began to see that society was something important to study. Some argue that this was when sociology began as the emergence of modern societies created a new intellectual world aware of its surroundings and concerned with acquisition of knowledge. As modernity came about, changes in social attitudes within society occurred making society itself interesting to others. Unlike the static pre- modern society, modern societies appear to have created many different groups, causing new and interesting communications and interactions between people. In the pre- modern era, relationships between people in society were extremely similar and perhaps uneventful and society had been static, therefore sociology was not required.

Religion and Coming of Age in Olive Ann Burns’ Novel, Cold Sassy Tree E

Religion and Coming of Age in Olive Ann Burns’ Novel, Cold Sassy Tree In the small southern town of Cold Sassy, Georgia, at the turn of the twentieth century, teenage boys had to grow up fast. They were not in any way sheltered from the daily activities of the town. This was especially true for fourteen year old Will Tweedy. Olive Ann Burns’ first, and only completed novel, Cold Sassy Tree, tells of young Will’s coming-of-age. His experiences with religion, progress, and death in Cold Sassy escorted him along the path to manhood. During the early 1900s, the south was full of religious fervor. Most small communities were based around two or three church families. Cold Sassy Tree, which is a recounting of Will’s memories, contains many references to religion and God. Rucker Blakeslee,...

Economics. Exchange rate to the larger country’s currency Essay

†¢A managed floating exchange rate refers to (an exchange rate that is not pegged, but does not float freely) †¢A small country with strong economic ties to a larger country should (PEG ((HARD OR SOFT)) THEIR EXCHANGE RATE TO THE LARGER COUNTRY’S CURRENCY) †¢An increase in the real exchange rate (real depreciation of domestic currency) will result in (AN INCREASE IN NET EXPORTS) †¢China has pegged its currency against the U.S. dollar. If demand for dollars decreases (THERE IS PRESSURE FOR THE U.S. DOLLAR TO DEPRECIATE. IN THIS SETTING, CHINA HAS TO PURCHASE DOLLARS TO MAINTAIN ITS PEG) †¢Consider Figure 10.4, â€Å"Supply and Demand in the Foreign Exchange Market.† If U.S. demand for the British pound decreases, in the long run (THE DEMAND CURVE WILL SHIFT IN TO THE LEFT, AND THE DOLLAR WILL APPRECIATE) †¢If the U.S. dollar depreciates in terms of the Euro (American goods would be cheaper for Europeans) †¢In a fixed exchange rate system, how do countries address the problem of currency market pressures that threaten to lower or raise the value of their currency (a & b only: if demand rises, countries must fill the excess demand for foreign currency by selling their reserves, if demand falls, then countries must increase demand by buying up the excess supply with domestic currency) †¢In the debate on fixed versus floating exchange rates, the strongest argument for a floating rate is that it frees macroeconomic policy from taking care of the exchange rate. Why is this also the weakest argument (the freeing of monetary policy from the task of maintaining an exchange rate creates a lack of external discipline on monetary policy and leads to an over reliance on inflationary policies to satisfy domestic economic needs) †¢Suppose a bond issued by the European Central Bank and denominated in euros pays 2% per year. Today the exchange rate is 1.87 dollars per euro. It is expected that the exchange rate in one year will be 2.06 dollars per euro. What is the annual dollar return on this bond (12 percent) †¢The price of a currency that will be delivered in the future is called (THE FORWARD EXCHANGE RATE) †¢Under a Gold Standard (THE EXCHANGE RATE IS FIXED) †¢Which is true (SOME COUNTRIES PEG TO A BASKET OF CURRENCIES) †¢Which of the  effects is not considered when choosing an exchange rate system (THE FISCAL ((SPENDING)) POLICY THAT THE CHOOSING COUNTRY WILL MAINTAIN) †¢Which of the following would be interested in holding foreign currency to engage in transactions (a & d only: a tourist, a manufacturing firm) †¢Which of the following would be interested in holding foreign currency to take advantage of investment opportunities (a portfolio manager) †¢SUPPOSE THE DOLLAR-YEN EXCHANGE RATE IS 0.013 DOLLARS PER YEN. SINCE THE BASE YEAR, INFLATION HAS BEEN 1 PERCENT IN JAPAN AND 9 PERCENT IN THE UNITED STATES. WHAT IS THE REAL EXCHANGE RATE (.0120) WORK: REAL EXCHANGE RATE = (NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATE) X ((FOREIGN PRICES) / (DOMESTIC PRICES)) THE FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC PRICES ARE FOUND BY TAKING 100 + THE INFLATION PERCENT. THEREFORE, THE REAL EXCHANGE RATE = 0.013 X ((101) / (109)) = 0.0120 IN REAL TERMS, THE DOLLAR HAS APPRECIATED AGAINST THE YEN (TRUE) †¢DUE TO THIS CHANGE, THE U.S. DOLLAR WILL (APPRECIATE), THE CANADIAN DOLLAR WILL (DEPRECIATE), AND THE LENGTH OF THE EFFECT WILL BE (MEDIUM RUN) †¢Exports represent about ___ percent of Israel’s economy (40) †¢One of the reasons Israel’s currency has appreciated recently is due to (low interest rates in other major economies) †¢Israel’s benchmark interest rate is now (1.25%) †¢Market determined currency exchange rates are also known as (floating exchange rates) †¢What is the impact of currency depreciation on the country experiencing the decline in currency value (exports will increase) †¢When a country allows their currency to depreciate it will (increase exports) †¢When a foreign currency becomes more expensive in terms of another currency it is said to have; (appreciated) †¢How will lowering the interest rates impact the value of the currency (it will devalue the currency) †¢How does the appreciation of the British pound versus the euro impact the British economy? Goods priced in pounds are now (more expensive to consumers in Europe that use the euro, resulting in a further decline in British exports) †¢Why is the British pound appreciating versus the euro (because investors and savers that hold their wealth in euros are looking for â€Å"safe haven† currencies to place their money) †¢How does the Bank of England’s quantitative easing impact the pound’s strength (normally  quantitative easing would cause a currency to depreciate, so the fact that the pound is appreciating provides a strong indicator of investors’ fear of the euro)

Knowledge and skills framework Essay

According to DH (2004), NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (NHS KSF) refers to the information that NHS employees need to implement in their service delivery to guarantee quality. NHS issues a single, comprehensive, consistent and exceptional structure to execute in the review and motivation for all the staff. NHS KSF and its success have been as result of its drive for Agenda for Change. The designs are made to cut across all NHS employees irrespective of their capacity, as long as they fall under the change agreement for the agenda. This agreement is applicable to all the staff with exceptions of physicians, dentists and board management team, who have different arrangements for their advancement review. Throughout this study, the staffs mentioned are those who fall under the Agenda for Change National Agreement. Purpose of NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework The role of NHS KSF framework is to foster advancement of services to address the needs of the users and the entire public. Also it supports efficient learning and advancement of persons and groups of persons in their career development. This purpose does however; consider other facets such as empowerment of individuals in their capacities which promotes diversity and equality for the entire staff, in order to foster development (DH, 2004). Core dimensions According to Moullin (2002), NHS KSF is structured to create 30 dimensions which seek to identify major roles required by NHS to facilitate better quality services to the people. Six of the dimensions however are core to every position in NHS. These core dimensions include communication, which suggests ways of improving communication between various categories of people, individual and people advancement, which seeks to advance individual capacity as well as empowering other stakeholders within the health sector, health, safety and security which assists in the maintenance of one’s health status while considering the security of others, quality which facilitates the maintenance of one quality of service delivery and encourage others to formulate a culture that seeks to improve quality, service improvement and lastly, equality and diversity. The other dimensions do not apply to all groups and are specific to particular jobs. Communication as a core dimension According to McSherry (2008), Communication as a core dimension may assume the following forms: verbal communication, written and signing communication, electronic conveyance of information, communication aids, communication through third parties (for instance translators and interpreters). This passage of information entails communicating with patients, families, general public and their representatives, co-workers and colleagues. These forms of communication may also face challenges for instance a noisy environment. Personal health and the welfare of the individuals involved and social conflicts such as violent situations are other obstacles to effective communication to various groups of people. Communication may also be impaired by illiteracy levels which may interfere with the capacity to read and write. The existing policy frameworks and procedures may also act as barriers to communication when assessed from local or international dimensions. The policies may entail confidentiality, conflict resolution and preservation of information among others (McSherry, 2008). Application of effective communication Effective communication entails identification of the information conveyed by others in additional to self communication. It also involves advancing effective communication interactions which are characterized by advancements in the communication situation, subject matter, intention and the number of individuals being communicated to, their backgrounds and the impacts that this may have on the communication skills obtained. Effective communication entails communicating with a wide range of persons over diverse issues and formulating procedure of advancing communication on complex matters and situations (DH, 2000). Equality and Diversity Promotion of equality and appreciation of diversity is based on the belief that investment in workforce enhances service delivery and improves patients care across the continents (DH, 2004). Trainers, trainees and others stakeholders need to be involved in the administration of relevant questionnaires regularly. People’s diversity and equality attract recognition on the basis of gender, age and social backgrounds. Patients, families, co-workers within NHS and those from outside may experience oppression, discrimination or harassment based on their place of origin, ethnicity, mental status, bodily outlook among others. The policies, regulations and procedures that have been put in place to address inequality and diversity include domestic laws and international agreements pertaining to human rights, employment, anti-discriminatory activities and conflict resolution mechanisms (KAI, 2004). According to RCGP (2007), equality entails participation by all and access to opportunities to reveal their maximum potential. Under UK laws, all institutions have a responsibility to counter discrimination and enhance diversity. Diversity involves recognizing and appreciating the differences in order to create a culture that values, respects and harnesses the difference for the satisfaction of the entire institution. Influence on communication on my current practice and personal life Effective communication has contributed significant in influencing my personal life as well as my life as a nurse. It has enabled me to minimize the common obstacles of communication for instance addressing individuals of particular groups while maintaining a positive image of myself. Communication has also enabled me to provide reports with precision according to institutional procedures. This however does not make me forget that there are policies, legislations and procedures that need to be observed. Every form of communication goes along with accountability, to ensure that it does not jeopardize the discharge of responsibilities bestowed on me (DH, 2004). Communication has also enabled me to exemplify my skills to a wide range of persons and help resolve any differences that may accrue. This has helped me to address people of diverse backgrounds consistently especially when delivering information that I feel may not be pleasant such as the death of a close relative. This is accompanied by giving relevant feedbacks which comply with institutional policies and procedures. Decision making is another attribute which have gained through effective communication. There are some instances when I am expected to provide an immediate feedback especially on life threatening matters. Effective communication has also helped me in the resolution of disputes arising during the daily discharge of my duties. These skills do not only apply to professional life and have come in hand to shape my personal life towards the positive direction. It is based on this argument that Moullin (2002) states that communication dimension applies to all the sectors where there is interaction between people. Moullin also notes that this does not come without challenges for instance where the actions of people are beyond their control, poor historical background in communication and complexity of circumstances which may sometimes go beyond once control. Communication comes in handy when advocating issues on behalf of my colleagues, asserting a stand and retaining its adversity, revelation of unwelcoming news and supporting the recipients of the news. Communication has also emerged vital in the delivery of presentations which significantly encourages active contribution by the audience (DH, 2000). Influence of equality and diversity dimensions in my current practice and personal life According to Moonie, Bates and Spencer-Perkinsd (2004), equality and diversity are two crucial dimensions that have enable me in my profession to improve my interpersonal relationships with people. It has assisted me in my interactions with clients, colleagues and people across various institutions. I have appreciated the diversity that exist within the society and have learnt to appreciate people of diverse cultures, ages, creeds and other social backgrounds. The nursing profession has exposed me to diverse issue which can only be addressed by accommodating and appreciating people the way they are. My movement from one institution to the other within the health sector has improved my performance after being exposed to different values and challenges which have made me a better nurse. My support for equality has been unperturbed and I have learnt various policies and legislative procedures which assess the effectiveness of institutions for instance the Gender Recognition Act, 2004 (Cooper, 2004). Equality has helped me to appreciate the fact equal opportunities need to make accessible to all people irrespective of their financial capabilities. Through my understanding of equality and diversity, I have perceived the extent to which laws could be applied to foster culture and to address the discriminatory challenges that engulf the society. I have also appreciated that the success of this core dimension is subject to proper resource allocation, advancement and existence of relevant services. Lastly, equality has motivated me to play the role of being a good model that is considerate of all members of the society irrespective of their shortcomings (Hargie, (2006). Conclusion From the literature cited above, it is exhibited that NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework creates opportunities for information sharing and the implementation of this information enhances service delivery and creates motivation for the staff working in health institutions. NHS has been motivated by its drive for change which has enhanced the implementation of the six core dimensions in health care delivery. Communication which is the first core dimension determines the operations of the other core dimensions. Efficient communication entails establishing a good rapport with various stake holders who include professionals, institutions and clients. NHS Knowledge and Skills framework also identifies and appreciates the significance of equality and diversity while dealing with individuals of various backgrounds. Relevant policies, laws and procedures are put in to place to ensure that discrimination does not jeopardize service delivery in the health sector (Moonie, Bates and Spencer-Perkinsd, 2004). References Berry, D 2007. Health Communication Theory and Practice, Maidenhead: Open University Press. Cooper, D 2004. Challenging Diversity: Rethinking Equality and the Value of Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Department of Health, DH 2000. The Vital Connection-an equalities framework for the NHS working together for quality and equality. Department of Health, DH 2003. Equalities and Diversity in the NHS-progress and priorities, London: Department of Health. Department of Health, 2004. The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (NHS KSF) and the Development Review Process, Department of Health Publications: London, Retrieved from www. dh. gov. uk/policyAndGuidance/HumanResourcesAndTraining/ModernisingPay/agendaForChange/fs/en Department of Health, 2004. The NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (NHS KSF), London: Department of Health Publications. Hargie, O. (ed), 2006. The Handbook of Communication Skills. London: Routledge. Hilary, G, 2007. Unequal lives: Health and Socio-economic Inequalities. London: Routledge. KAI, J. (ed), 2004. Valuing Diversity- a resource for effective health care of ethnically diverse communities- a Training manual London: Royal College of General Practitioners. McSherry, R, 2008. An Introduction to Excellence in Practice development in Health and Social Care Maidenhead Open University Press. Moonie, N. , Bates, A. & Spencer-Perkinsd, 2004. Diversity and Rights in Care. Oxon: Harcourt Education Ltd. Moullin, M, 2002. Delivering Excellence in Health and Social Care. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Royal College of General Practitioners, RCGP, 2007. Promoting Equality and Valuing Diversity, 14 Princes Gate, Hyde Park: London.

21 Bucket List Items For Graduating College Students

21 Bucket List Items For Graduating College Students The idea of a bucket list - referring to things someone should do before he or she kicks the bucket - doesnt just have to apply to older folks. Students, too, can make their own bucket list to make sure they get in every last memory and bit of fun before tossing their caps at graduation. Here are some things to consider adding to yours: 1. Confess a Crush   Scary? Sure. But if you think youll regret not telling a certain someone how you feel about them before you both part ways after graduating, its time to go for it. After all, even if it doesnt go well, you wont have to really see them again, right? 2. Take Pictures of People Who Have Made a Difference in Your College Life   When do you think back on your years at school, who mattered most? A certain professor or two? Several friends in particular? Maybe a mentor or administrator? Even if youre convinced that youll stay in touch with these folks for years, take a picture anyway. You can laugh at how young everyone looked when youre old and gray and reminiscing about all the silly things you did in college. 3. Thank Your Favorite Professor Chances are one professor, in particular, stands out for the influence he or she had on you during your time in school. Tell them thanks before you leave. You can thank them in person, write an email or even leave a small thank-you note (or maybe a gift) for them on graduation day. 4. Try Food You Never Did Somewhere on Campus If youve never tried a certain kind of food on campus, gather your pride and dig in before you graduate. Youll get a good experience exposing yourself to something new and - you never know - you just might end up liking it.   5. Buy Yourself a Graduation Gift  From the Bookstore Sure, your funds are probably even tighter than normal around graduation time. But pinch your pennies and reward yourself with a gift, no matter how small, from the bookstore. A simple keychain, license plate holder, bumper sticker, business card holder  or travel bag will remind you for years to come about one of your greatest accomplishments so far. 6. Thank the People Who Helped Pay Your Way If scholarships, your parents and/or others helped pay your way through school, make sure to let them know how much you appreciate their support. One suggestion: Include a picture of you in your cap and gown on graduation day in a simple but heartfelt thank-you note. 7. Write Something for the School Paper You may be shy, you may not think of yourself as a good writer and you may have never written for the paper before. But youll be graduating soon - meaning youve succeeded at college and have important advice to share with your peers. Ask the editor if you can make a submission, and take a few hours to put something together that passes along your wisdom. 8. Take a Picture of Yourself and Your Room It may seem silly now, but how fun will it be to look back at how you looked and what your room/apartment looked like five, 10 or 20 years from now? Dont let something that you see every day now slip away with time. 9. Go to a Part of Campus Youve Never Been Before Even if youre at the smallest of schools, head to a corner of campus youve never been before. You just might get a new perspective of how things look and come to appreciate a side of your school that feels brand new just as every other part of it is feeling old. 10. Go to a Sports Event Youve Never Been To   Football and basketball games may be all the rage on your campus, but try something new. If its a gorgeous day, grab some friends and some snacks and go watch a softball or Ultimate Frisbee game. Its a great way to relax and get a new college memory. 11. Go Swimming in the Campus Pool Many students forget theres a campus pool - or are too self-conscious to use it. But these pools can be huge, gorgeous and a lot of fun. Grab your suit, leave your insecurities behind and go have a ridiculously fun game of  Marco Polo  with some friends. 12. Have Your Favorite/Most Influential Professor Sign a Book They Wrote When you think of which professor has been the most brilliant during your time in school, one or two undoubtedly stand out from the rest of the crowd. Have them sign a copy of their latest book before you graduate for a great keepsake youll cherish for years. 13. Participate in a Campus Tradition Being tossed into a fountain on your  birthday? Going on a midnight excursion with your  fellow sorority or fraternity members? Make sure to participate in at least one campus tradition before you graduate for a lasting, irreplaceable memory. 14. Attend an Event on Something You Know Nothing About You went to college to learn new things, right? So head on over to an event youd normally  never  consider attending. You dont have to do anything other than listening and learn. 15. Treat Yourself to a Nice Meal Off Campus You may be so used to bad muffins in the campus coffee shop and the same dishes in the dining hall that heading off campus for a nice meal seems completely out of the realm of possibility. Chances are, however, that you can ask around and find a super yummy, affordable place that will provide you  with a great meal  and a great memory. 16. Vote in Student Government Elections OK, sure, you may have thought they were boring or unimportant before. But now that youre graduating, you have a pretty serious responsibility to leave behind a strong legacy and support system for the classes that will follow you. Honor them by voting  for student leaders  who you think will maintain the standards other students set for you when you first arrived on campus. 17. Go to a Professional Sports Game Off Campus If you live in a big city and have never been to a professional sports game, now is the time to go! After all, how silly would you feel if you had to confess, for years and years after you graduate, that even though you lived in, say, Boston for 4 years, you never saw a  Red Sox  game? Grab some friends and head out. 18. Go to a Cultural Event in Town Even if you live in what you consider to be the smallest of small towns, theres a culture there that cant be replaced and that youll probably miss once youre gone. Go to a poetry slam, a performance, a county fair or anything else being put on in town and absorb all you can before you move somewhere new. 19. Go to a Museum in Town You never know what history your college town has to offer. Challenge yourself to learn a little more before you graduate by hitting a museum in town. It could be an art museum, a history museum, or even something that speaks to the unique identity of your city. Even better: Use your  student discount  for admission. 20.  Volunteer Off Campus Even if you dont interact with people off campus all that much, the community that surrounds your school has helped make your experience possible. Give back a little by volunteering for a one-day, one-month, one-semester, or one-year commitment to an off-campus organization that supports your own values and priorities, too. 21. Do Something That Scares You If you look back at your college years and realize you played it safe, you might not be pushing yourself  out of your comfort zone  enough. Take a deep breath and challenge yourself to try something new and scary. Even if you regret it, youll learn something about yourself.

The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay Essays

The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay Essays The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay Essay The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay Essay and so on. These are the jobs that ever worry by the occupants ( ERE Consulting Group, 2011: 18 ) . Prove to mishandle In this undertaking, we will able to cognize how they manage the financess and operations to guarantee the success of the MRT undertaking is to finish the degree to be proud of. Fund direction is critical because it is the chief beginning in implementing this undertaking. In this instance, the financess used to construct the railroad and the path is really high if compared with the building of other railroads. A really high cost needed to beef up the system for this undertaking. It is non denied in the undertaking direction of the fund will non divert the way should non be spent. Practice of corruptness will happen and the effects the financess allocated will be affected. Cause pollution jobs The disadvantages of MRT undertaking is will do pollution jobs. It is because of the building undertaking is close to residential countries. Hence, people populating near the undertaking country will see perturbation and pollution jobs such as dust and noise pollution. This job is experienced by people populating in the 30 metre distance from the Sungai Buluh Route to Kajang. entire 2080 lodging units, 2980 units of condominium / flat units and 1,000 flats located within 30m of the path corridor SBK. In add-on, there were 12 establishments, three mosques, two churches, a temple, four infirmaries and 40 medical centres and authorities composites and shopping centres. Measurement of sound degrees to 24-hours has been conducted for 18 locations on 26 July -20 August 2010 and 1 December 2010 December 30, 2010 found that most of the noise degree exceeds the degree specified for residential countries of Town ( 60dBA to 50dBA for the twenty-four hours and clip dark ) . The jobs caused by h aze building machinery and building activities undertaken during this undertaking. Safety to resident non guaranteed/crime/theft These effects in footings of security of the population is non guaranteed, offenses such as larceny occurred. A travel from Maluri to Kajang make the boiling response of the public respondents showed 13.1 % expressed their concern for the safety of the people associated with offense. The populace is through the quiet lanes may be exposed to the hazard of larceny. In add-on, other jobs such as hazard to public safety associated with the occupants, workers, route users and nearby edifices. Underground works concern to employees workers engaged in building and public plants within the scope of the country of safety factors. In add-on, the school SJK ( C ) Nam Kheung were nearby Maluri Retrival Shaft was one of the critical countries. The usage of particular equipment used for building of multi section ( elevated ) position of the work carried out at tallness. Members of the populace and employees who are under or near the work elevated covering with high security hazard. Make the parking job The additions in the private conveyances such as autos will make the gridlock on the route. Although the KVMRT will cut down the route activity by its strengthens in carried the big sum of people that are equal to 177 autos uses or 3 coachs uses, it will make a high job around that country. KVMRT will make the parking job on the KVMRT countries such as its station and the terminals. KVMRT undertaking will give consequence on the parking job in two state of affairs or clip that is when concept the conveyances station or KVMRT web line and when that undertaking complete. When the concept clip, more than one activity should be manage proper Begin such as the public-service corporations like H2O and cloaca brinies, electrical overseas telegrams, gas pipe and so on. This activity will may impermanent loss the parking infinite and will make the parking job on that country. Beside that the affected procedure will used the big figure of country and it will give the old country. The concept clip besides can impermanent closed the route that will do the gridlock in the route and impermanent closing of route lanes. By the clip, the KVMRT undertaking will finish and it ever create the parking job but in the country of the terminal or the station. The additions in the Klang Valley and KL country will increase the demand of public conveyance such as autos because the KVMRT are enable easier connectivity between the populated on that country. The needed of the public conveyance besides will increase and to guarantee the rider can utilize the KVMRT conveyance system, they need to happen the parking country for them autos. Peoples will park country the station or the terminal if they want used the KVMRT conveyances. So, the KVMRT station should be more in parking country and if non the parking job will be in a large state of affairs. By with the efficiencies in concept the KVMRT conveyances system, it will make the parking job in that countries weather in the concept clip or when it become complete. The parking job will do higher jobs and will increase the societal job. 4.0 Some Thought Regarding KVMRT Upon cognizing this affair, the residential particularly around the countries which are included in the coming undertaking argues will likely reason with each other, one side that said this undertaking brings more injury to our Mother Earth and one side that supports this undertaking, as our group did before we realize that every physical development around the universe will at least impact the ambiance of Earth and, of class, human. The negative effects of physical development can non be prevented, but it can be reduced, at least to a degree that the injuries directed to Earth and its life signifier is low. One of the ways to minimise the effects of physical development of this undertaking is to finish the undertaking at a faster rate ( should it be carried out ) . Peoples will get down to utilize the KVMRT when the undertaking has been done, cut downing the rate of air pollution caused by the extended usage of fossil fuels to run cars. However, it may non be seeable to the people because most of them will merely see the good this undertaking will make to them ; less money to pass on fuels in this desperate times. But does this mean that the authorities will acquire the same benefits as the people do? This method requires great sum of financess. Other methods to cut down the effects of the KVMRT undertaking besides require more and more financess. This so leads to another inquiry ; will the authorities be willing to set more money on this undertaking? The excess fund needed can be used for other affairs that are no less of import than this undertaking is such as developing rural countries to cut down the rate of poorness in the state, heightening the touristry sector to pull more tourers, and many more. It all goes back to the authorities to make up ones mind about it. 5.0 Decision As a decision, there are pros and cons sing to this Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit that coming up shortly. From the treatment above, the KVMRT undertaking has many benefits to the people once it is completed but they will hold to bear with the jobs that may look during the completion of the undertaking. Should the authorities decides to go on with their programs? We believe that this undertaking should be able take Malaysia closer to its mark ; to be one of the universe s advanced states by 2020. But from what have been discussed above, they are many negative effects, some may happen and some will happen, to the people and the environment if the undertaking is carried out. Therefore, the KVMRT, without uncertainty, brings good benefits to the people, but it put a strain on the authorities ; put more, find methods that require fewer financess, or merely travel on with the current program? The people will besides hold to confront the jobs that may and will go on during the completion of the undertaking. We know that the KVMRT undertaking has a great opportunity to be carried out albeit the fund it requires and the job that may originate when it is on the building phase.

Building the Nation Future Leaders

Ma’am and Sir, Good morning! With my great desire, to be one of the guest speakers at today’s event; I accept the challenge and invitation of the teaching staff of this institution to challenge everyone today! It is a great privilege and opportunity for me to speak in front of you as a challenger of your mind and hearts to give an inspirational message that will challenge everyone today! You truly deserve to give pride to yourself as you step into another ladder of your success. It’s been unforgettable event that we should reminisce every now and then the significant marked of our lives as we give priority to our achievement in the field of learning. We bind us one today to celebrate the fruit of our sacrifices; your unsung hero shows their unfading support behind your success as they watch you to recognize this day, your ever loving teachers honored you for the commendable appreciation of your great work during learning process and the person who is one way of molding your life interest and being proud to yourself that you have done the great job in schooling. Our Theme: â€Å"Building the Nation Future Leaders through the K to 12 Basic Education Program or the K to 12 Basic Education- Tungo sa Paghuhubog ng mga Makabagong lider ng Bansa. I would like to talk first about the program of Department of Education in order for us to understand well the message of our nation for us as a stakeholder of change. The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (6 years of Primary Education, four years of juniors High School, and another two years of Senior High School) which provide our learners to undergo suffici ent time for mastering the concepts and skills presented during learning process. Enhance the abilities and capacities of our learners, and prepare our graduate to higher education, job employment, and business or entrepreneurship. The K to 12 Basic Education Program is a key chain to success because it helps our graduates to become ready and more successful to go in their different paths, Maybe some them will proceed to tertiary education, for employment, or do a business. We strongly believed that this changes in our Educational Program will affect our way of living, to give us hope for a better future because our young leaders equipped with different skills in different learning areas, trained and prepared them to become an agent of change; Formal Education will make us living if we seized the right opportunity given to us. Let us work hand in hand for the betterment of our future, Let us let other known about this program, and encourage them to have a full support in achieving our Country’s progress. You as a graduate have a vital role to strengthen your great potential to become a partner of change. You will be one of the backbones of our K to 12 graduates sooner and later know that you will have to deal with changes, both big and small, continually. Be prepared to be flexible and to adopt as needed. Here are the three things to consider on becoming more successful in achieving our goals in life and to become a productive leaders someday: 1. Heads-up to your great potential. Sometimes, we may not realize the essence of our abilities. But there’s a gift given to us by our omnipotent master to give our full potential to become the most successful person. We may become successful beyond of our wildest dream. You should know yourself better, Identify your strength and weaknesses and facing the real you. The achievement of your goal is assured the moment you commit yourself to it and believe that you can do something. The first thing that we need to consider is to open your eyes to your great potential by setting your mind and goals in life. Mind setting (power of imagination) is a tool for showing your potential to become great individual for the next days. Because of it, you can now set your goals in life. Some great person believed that goal is vital. â€Å"People with goals succeed because they know where they’re going. † According to -Earl Nightingale. â€Å"The achievement of your goal is assured the moment you commit yourself to it. † -Mack R. Douglas. Formal education will make you a living. Self-education will make you a fortune. † â€Å"Unless you change how you are, you will always have what you’ve got. † â€Å"We all have two choices; we can make a living or we can design a life. † I want you to â€Å"Take up one idea and act on it. Make that one idea your life. Think of it, dream of it, and live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, and every part of your body be full of that idea and leave all other ideas alone. This is the way to success. † According to SFI Rules to Success; setting goals is so easy to do, yet 95% of people never set goals. They just never take the time. And who do you think are the most successful, highest-earning people in the world? The 5% group of course! If you want to be in the 5% group, don’t even think about ignoring goal-setting! 2. Begin with realistic plan (winning starts with beginning). If you sealed with something and you fell not moving on your way, start to get started and start whatever you had right now. There’s no perfect time to wait, do the best job you can and always keep learning and moving ahead. Who among you here have a Facebook account? What is the first thing you do in getting connected with that social networking? Just to sign up and get started, right? â€Å"You don’t have to be great to get started, but you have to get started to be great. † -Les Brown, â€Å"Everyone who got where he is had to begin where he was. † -Richard L. Evans. â€Å"Failing to plan is planning to fail. † â€Å"Without goals, and plans to reach them, you are like a ship that has set sail with no destination. † -Fitzhugh Dodson â€Å"Most people have no idea of the giant capacity we can immediately command when we focus all of our resources on mastering a single area of our lives. – Anthony Robbins. â€Å"Nothing can add more power to your life than concentrating all your energies on a limited set of targets. â€Å"- Nido Qubein. â€Å"What you choose to focus your mind on is critical because you will become what you think about most of the time. â€Å"- Noel Peebles We cannot become successfu l in aiming at something, if we are trying to do many things just for once. We should be realistic in our planning and concentrate your thoughts upon working hand in hand. As they say, chase two rabbits and you’ll catch neither! â€Å"Success demands singleness of purpose. – Vincent Lombardi â€Å"No life ever grows great until it is focused, dedicated, disciplined. – Harry Emerson Fosdick. 3. Live with your goals and persist until you win. We don’t need to invest so much to earn something and to pay for our reward. â€Å"Success seems to be connected with action. Successful people keep moving. They make mistakes, but they don’t quit. â€Å"-Conrad Hilton. â€Å"It’s when things get rough and you don’t quit that success comes. † â€Å"Other people and things can stop you temporarily. You’re the only one who can do it permanently. -Zig Ziglar Don’t let little problems upset you. Concentrate on the positivesâ⠂¬ ¦ and the â€Å"big picture. † Also remember that the only thing that will never change is that there will always be changes (especially in today’s rapidly evolving world). Don’t let changes upset you. Know that you will have to deal with changes, both big and small, continually. Be prepared to be flexible and to adapt as needed. â€Å"Learning is very fun and lifelong process† which I always emphasize in the field of learning because it awakens our interest to learned. At your youthful stage, there is an eagerness to learn in every chance as you participate inside the class. Your teacher taught you so much how to become smart, how to behave, how to learn, how to work effectively, how to perform a task and know how to accept student’s responsibility. I know each one of you possess a precocious gift from God. Who among you here wants to be a Doctor, Nurse, Lawyer, Engineer, Military, Teacher, or a President? Then don’t stop learning. ALWAYS REMEMBER THIS THREE WORDS: DON’T STOP LEARNING! ANDEA, ISIDRO JR B. KABACAN WESLEYAN ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL DEPARMENT Building the Nation Future Leaders Ma’am and Sir, Good morning! With my great desire, to be one of the guest speakers at today’s event; I accept the challenge and invitation of the teaching staff of this institution to challenge everyone today! It is a great privilege and opportunity for me to speak in front of you as a challenger of your mind and hearts to give an inspirational message that will challenge everyone today! You truly deserve to give pride to yourself as you step into another ladder of your success. It’s been unforgettable event that we should reminisce every now and then the significant marked of our lives as we give priority to our achievement in the field of learning. We bind us one today to celebrate the fruit of our sacrifices; your unsung hero shows their unfading support behind your success as they watch you to recognize this day, your ever loving teachers honored you for the commendable appreciation of your great work during learning process and the person who is one way of molding your life interest and being proud to yourself that you have done the great job in schooling. Our Theme: â€Å"Building the Nation Future Leaders through the K to 12 Basic Education Program or the K to 12 Basic Education- Tungo sa Paghuhubog ng mga Makabagong lider ng Bansa. I would like to talk first about the program of Department of Education in order for us to understand well the message of our nation for us as a stakeholder of change. The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (6 years of Primary Education, four years of juniors High School, and another two years of Senior High School) which provide our learners to undergo suffici ent time for mastering the concepts and skills presented during learning process. Enhance the abilities and capacities of our learners, and prepare our graduate to higher education, job employment, and business or entrepreneurship. The K to 12 Basic Education Program is a key chain to success because it helps our graduates to become ready and more successful to go in their different paths, Maybe some them will proceed to tertiary education, for employment, or do a business. We strongly believed that this changes in our Educational Program will affect our way of living, to give us hope for a better future because our young leaders equipped with different skills in different learning areas, trained and prepared them to become an agent of change; Formal Education will make us living if we seized the right opportunity given to us. Let us work hand in hand for the betterment of our future, Let us let other known about this program, and encourage them to have a full support in achieving our Country’s progress. You as a graduate have a vital role to strengthen your great potential to become a partner of change. You will be one of the backbones of our K to 12 graduates sooner and later know that you will have to deal with changes, both big and small, continually. Be prepared to be flexible and to adopt as needed. Here are the three things to consider on becoming more successful in achieving our goals in life and to become a productive leaders someday: 1. Heads-up to your great potential. Sometimes, we may not realize the essence of our abilities. But there’s a gift given to us by our omnipotent master to give our full potential to become the most successful person. We may become successful beyond of our wildest dream. You should know yourself better, Identify your strength and weaknesses and facing the real you. The achievement of your goal is assured the moment you commit yourself to it and believe that you can do something. The first thing that we need to consider is to open your eyes to your great potential by setting your mind and goals in life. Mind setting (power of imagination) is a tool for showing your potential to become great individual for the next days. Because of it, you can now set your goals in life. Some great person believed that goal is vital. â€Å"People with goals succeed because they know where they’re going. † According to -Earl Nightingale. â€Å"The achievement of your goal is assured the moment you commit yourself to it. † -Mack R. Douglas. Formal education will make you a living. Self-education will make you a fortune. † â€Å"Unless you change how you are, you will always have what you’ve got. † â€Å"We all have two choices; we can make a living or we can design a life. † I want you to â€Å"Take up one idea and act on it. Make that one idea your life. Think of it, dream of it, and live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, and every part of your body be full of that idea and leave all other ideas alone. This is the way to success. † According to SFI Rules to Success; setting goals is so easy to do, yet 95% of people never set goals. They just never take the time. And who do you think are the most successful, highest-earning people in the world? The 5% group of course! If you want to be in the 5% group, don’t even think about ignoring goal-setting! 2. Begin with realistic plan (winning starts with beginning). If you sealed with something and you fell not moving on your way, start to get started and start whatever you had right now. There’s no perfect time to wait, do the best job you can and always keep learning and moving ahead. Who among you here have a Facebook account? What is the first thing you do in getting connected with that social networking? Just to sign up and get started, right? â€Å"You don’t have to be great to get started, but you have to get started to be great. † -Les Brown, â€Å"Everyone who got where he is had to begin where he was. † -Richard L. Evans. â€Å"Failing to plan is planning to fail. † â€Å"Without goals, and plans to reach them, you are like a ship that has set sail with no destination. † -Fitzhugh Dodson â€Å"Most people have no idea of the giant capacity we can immediately command when we focus all of our resources on mastering a single area of our lives. – Anthony Robbins. â€Å"Nothing can add more power to your life than concentrating all your energies on a limited set of targets. â€Å"- Nido Qubein. â€Å"What you choose to focus your mind on is critical because you will become what you think about most of the time. â€Å"- Noel Peebles We cannot become successfu l in aiming at something, if we are trying to do many things just for once. We should be realistic in our planning and concentrate your thoughts upon working hand in hand. As they say, chase two rabbits and you’ll catch neither! â€Å"Success demands singleness of purpose. – Vincent Lombardi â€Å"No life ever grows great until it is focused, dedicated, disciplined. – Harry Emerson Fosdick. 3. Live with your goals and persist until you win. We don’t need to invest so much to earn something and to pay for our reward. â€Å"Success seems to be connected with action. Successful people keep moving. They make mistakes, but they don’t quit. â€Å"-Conrad Hilton. â€Å"It’s when things get rough and you don’t quit that success comes. † â€Å"Other people and things can stop you temporarily. You’re the only one who can do it permanently. -Zig Ziglar Don’t let little problems upset you. Concentrate on the positivesâ⠂¬ ¦ and the â€Å"big picture. † Also remember that the only thing that will never change is that there will always be changes (especially in today’s rapidly evolving world). Don’t let changes upset you. Know that you will have to deal with changes, both big and small, continually. Be prepared to be flexible and to adapt as needed. â€Å"Learning is very fun and lifelong process† which I always emphasize in the field of learning because it awakens our interest to learned. At your youthful stage, there is an eagerness to learn in every chance as you participate inside the class. Your teacher taught you so much how to become smart, how to behave, how to learn, how to work effectively, how to perform a task and know how to accept student’s responsibility. I know each one of you possess a precocious gift from God. Who among you here wants to be a Doctor, Nurse, Lawyer, Engineer, Military, Teacher, or a President? Then don’t stop learning. ALWAYS REMEMBER THIS THREE WORDS: DON’T STOP LEARNING! ANDEA, ISIDRO JR B. KABACAN WESLEYAN ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL DEPARMENT

The Cross Elasticity of Demand and Indifference Curve Assignment

The Cross Elasticity of Demand and Indifference Curve - Assignment Example Indifference curve depicts equal levels of utility (satisfaction) for a consumer faced with various combinations of goods. There is no preference for one combination versus another as they render the same amount of satisfaction for the consumer. Consumer theory uses indifference curves and budget constraints to produce consumer demand curves. The curves are convex to the origin as a result of diminishing marginal utility. Ans: When the price elasticity of demand is less than one, the demand is inelastic. When the demand is inelastic, a given change in price causes a smaller proportionate change in the quantity demanded. Inelastic demand is for things which do not have a close substitute. When a tax is imposed on the product, the consumer bears the burden of the tax. The more inelastic the demand, the greater financial burden of a tax is placed on the consumer. When the demand is perfectly inelastic, the entire burden of a given tax will be borne by the consumer. Ans: In order to maximize profit, a firm would always try to sell more and more pollution permits and avoid buying permits for own, if possible. At the same time, there will be an effort to improve the efficiency of production to reduce pollution by less waste generation and yet keeping production cost low. Thus, the total cost of pollution abatement would be influenced by the degree of a transaction of pollution permits. For example, if a fir m earns high revenue from trading permits, it would not mind spending a part of the profit in reducing waste generation or carrying out better pollution abatement. Since eventually, it is the environmental groups who would be buying more and number of permits from most of the firms, the firms would be forced to generate less and less waste and the overall cost of pollution abatement will go down till an optimal level of pollution abatement is reached.  

Recruitment & Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recruitment & Selection - Essay Example Advertisements online both on job seekers' and corporate sites can be a viable way of getting as much number of candidates. This can be further enhanced by subscribing to the services offered by recruitment websites which gives employers access to its database of applicants. Having this access will allow Westpac to directly contact applicants who hopes to pursue a career in banking. Since the company can have the chance to choose the background of their potential employee. It should be noted that this can be really helpful recognizing that it is serving a diverse market which also requires its front line employees to match these different backgrounds (Boxall and Purcell 2003; Lieberman 2003; Riccuci 2002). In addition, Westpac should also consider recruiting CSR1 through the use of job fairs held at universities months before graduation. This will enable the company to establish itself as an attractive employment alternative after college. This can also be a good opportunity to intro duce itself not just as a company but to highlight the benefits and motivations of pursuing a career with them.

The Broadway Caf Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Broadway Caf - Research Paper Example This paper tends to discuss certain market strategies that can be effectively applied in Broadway Cafe so as to bring it back to the mainstream of profitable businesses. Scope of e-business In order to operate the activities of Broadway Cafe in an efficient manner, it is necessary to design a good website that would provide customers with relevant information regarding the Cafe and its products/services. The website must provide 24 hours live support to customers with intent to satisfy their needs. The firm can also collect customer feedback which is an essential asset of any types of business for further expansion (MBD 1, e-business). The firm must heed genuine concern to cultural sentiments while dealing with diverse customer groups. At the same time the relevance of personal opinions have to be scrutinized well prior to decision making. For instance, an anonymous person’s feedback shows that he did not like the presence of the children at the Cafe. The opinion obviously dep ends on the individual’s social outlook which is of little relevance to practical side of the business. If the company bans children from the Cafe in order to meet an individual’s content, the firm will lose a large group of family customers. The website must be attractive enough to retain the customers as well as to attract new prospects. According to the report of Yankee group, website traffic is the main factor which determines the effectiveness of the company’s website (MBD 2, Competitive advantage). However, large degree of website traffic would not necessarily ensure large sales. Therefore, company must gradually assess the income generated from website traffic along with the number of acquisition of new customers and reduction in customer care calls so as to determine the success or failure of the website. The above discussed points are the primary requirements for a business website; whereas the actual business expansion necessitates some innovative conc epts. Firstly, the company must provide e-business facilities to their customer so that they can order required products through online transaction (e-business). People today wish to have immediate access to products and services in minimum time at less expense. Since the credit card using prepaid delivery system has simplified business transactions across the globe, this feasibility has been identified as one of the competitive advantages of modern firms. Customer retention In addition, Broadway Cafe should also arrange supply vehicles with employees in order to deliver ordered goods at the destinations right time. If the consumers are satisfied with the service, they will not switch their demand to other brands. As part of the business expansion, Broadway Cafe can also take advantage of the website in dealing with their suppliers. The website would help to interact with the suppliers in an effective way so that various costs associated with supply can be minimized to some extent. The website can also be deployed in order to ensure more conveniences to its employees. The application of e-banking would aid the company to easily cope with the payroll dealings; and it would also enable the company to eliminate the difficulties associated with the manual clerical work (United Bank). Company website is the best channel for conducting

The Cold War and U.S Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Cold War and U.S Diplomacy - Essay Example In the context of the United States, presidential doctrines normally consist of attitudes and major goals for the country’s foreign relations as outlined by a seating President. It is of essence to note that Presidential doctrines are usually established in order to address certain events that are ongoing in the international arena, and therefore, the Presidential doctrine presents guidelines on how the country will handle or approach the prevailing regional or global event. The previous research paper, focused on the Reagan doctrine that was developed and implemented during Ronald Regan’s presidency. Troy (2011) stated that the Reagan doctrine was established mainly to curtail or diminish the influence of the Soviet Union during the Cold War era. During the Cold War era, the Soviet Union committed aggressions and oppression on the citizens of the territories that it had occupied and even violated human rights of theses citizens. Therefore, the Regan’s doctrine was aimed at diminishing the Soviet Union hold on these territories and securing the rights and freedom of those who had suffered under the rule of the Soviet Union. The relationship between the United States and Soviet Union prior to the announcement of the Regan’s doctrine According to Graham et al. (2011), the United States and the Soviet Union had long been at loggerheads with each other mainly because of their difference in terms of political and economical ideologies. Prior to the announcement of the Regan’s doctrine, the two countries had been engaged in a battle for supremacy, with the United States constantly trying to diminish the dominance of the Soviet Union both in the Eastern and Western Union, where the U.S had already established political and economic ties. Graham et al. (2011) wrote that the severity of the bad relationship between the two countries was demonstrated when the U.S extended its Marshal plan to the Soviet Union under certain conditions that were known to be unacceptable by the Union. Additionally, prior to the announcement of the Regan doctrine, Troy (2011) wrote that the U.S and its allies in Western Europe opted to strengthen their relationship and spite the Soviet Union. The current relationship between the U.S and the Soviet Union According to the writings by Graham et al. (2011), they wrote that despite the end of the Cold War in November 1989, the U.S and the post-Soviet Russia still do not enjoy a cordial rel ationship. Moreover, certain occurrences have alluded to the existence of a prevailing Cold War between the two nations. Hunt (2009) stated that the two countries have traditionally up-to-date failed to agree on certain global issues. For example, Russia has recently provided asylum for an American whistleblower (Edward Snowden) who is currently wanted in the U.S for espionage charges. Secondly, the U.S and Russia have taken opposing stands on the on-going civil war in Syria whereby the U.S government is seemingly backing the Syrian opposition rebels while Russia is purpotedly supporting the Syrian government. Thirdly, Russia’s President Vladimir Puttin has treated, in numerous occasions, U.S government officials including with Secretary of the State John Kerry, with a demeaning approach. The effect of the Reagan doctrine on regional or global affairs since its

The Criminology of Pleasure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Criminology of Pleasure - Essay Example This essay discusses the criminology of pleasure, that analyzes the basic motive behind imposing regulations while seeking pleasure, on the part of the political authorities, is to protect the members of society from harms and troubles caused by dint of the pleasure seeking activities of others. The researcher states that there are other activities and enjoyments too that look for the implementation of rules and restrictions. The same is the case with the drug consumption. With the advent of 20th century, drug consumption became order of the day for the individuals belonging to divergent societies and cultures of the world. The unabated demand for drugs and their usage created many problems for both the governments and societies. During last three centuries the use of drugs witnessed great increase and people invented various methods of consuming drugs and chemicals through oral and physical drugs. The consequent death of a famous actress, due to extra dose of cocaine, forced the gov ernment apply restrictions upon the cocaine. Subsequently, â€Å"the Dangerous Drugs Act introduces controls on the trafficking, manufacture, sale and possession of various drugs, including opium and cocaine.† It was a sonorous expression of the people’s voice, whose children and family members were undergoing drug usage problem. Moreover, the intoxication and excessive use of drugs had caused immoral activities in society. It is therefore, the drugs regulations were one of the most wanted laws from the authorities on the part of masses at large.

The Broadway Caf Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Broadway Caf - Research Paper Example This paper tends to discuss certain market strategies that can be effectively applied in Broadway Cafe so as to bring it back to the mainstream of profitable businesses. Scope of e-business In order to operate the activities of Broadway Cafe in an efficient manner, it is necessary to design a good website that would provide customers with relevant information regarding the Cafe and its products/services. The website must provide 24 hours live support to customers with intent to satisfy their needs. The firm can also collect customer feedback which is an essential asset of any types of business for further expansion (MBD 1, e-business). The firm must heed genuine concern to cultural sentiments while dealing with diverse customer groups. At the same time the relevance of personal opinions have to be scrutinized well prior to decision making. For instance, an anonymous person’s feedback shows that he did not like the presence of the children at the Cafe. The opinion obviously dep ends on the individual’s social outlook which is of little relevance to practical side of the business. If the company bans children from the Cafe in order to meet an individual’s content, the firm will lose a large group of family customers. The website must be attractive enough to retain the customers as well as to attract new prospects. According to the report of Yankee group, website traffic is the main factor which determines the effectiveness of the company’s website (MBD 2, Competitive advantage). However, large degree of website traffic would not necessarily ensure large sales. Therefore, company must gradually assess the income generated from website traffic along with the number of acquisition of new customers and reduction in customer care calls so as to determine the success or failure of the website. The above discussed points are the primary requirements for a business website; whereas the actual business expansion necessitates some innovative conc epts. Firstly, the company must provide e-business facilities to their customer so that they can order required products through online transaction (e-business). People today wish to have immediate access to products and services in minimum time at less expense. Since the credit card using prepaid delivery system has simplified business transactions across the globe, this feasibility has been identified as one of the competitive advantages of modern firms. Customer retention In addition, Broadway Cafe should also arrange supply vehicles with employees in order to deliver ordered goods at the destinations right time. If the consumers are satisfied with the service, they will not switch their demand to other brands. As part of the business expansion, Broadway Cafe can also take advantage of the website in dealing with their suppliers. The website would help to interact with the suppliers in an effective way so that various costs associated with supply can be minimized to some extent. The website can also be deployed in order to ensure more conveniences to its employees. The application of e-banking would aid the company to easily cope with the payroll dealings; and it would also enable the company to eliminate the difficulties associated with the manual clerical work (United Bank). Company website is the best channel for conducting

The Criminology of Pleasure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Criminology of Pleasure - Essay Example This essay discusses the criminology of pleasure, that analyzes the basic motive behind imposing regulations while seeking pleasure, on the part of the political authorities, is to protect the members of society from harms and troubles caused by dint of the pleasure seeking activities of others. The researcher states that there are other activities and enjoyments too that look for the implementation of rules and restrictions. The same is the case with the drug consumption. With the advent of 20th century, drug consumption became order of the day for the individuals belonging to divergent societies and cultures of the world. The unabated demand for drugs and their usage created many problems for both the governments and societies. During last three centuries the use of drugs witnessed great increase and people invented various methods of consuming drugs and chemicals through oral and physical drugs. The consequent death of a famous actress, due to extra dose of cocaine, forced the gov ernment apply restrictions upon the cocaine. Subsequently, â€Å"the Dangerous Drugs Act introduces controls on the trafficking, manufacture, sale and possession of various drugs, including opium and cocaine.† It was a sonorous expression of the people’s voice, whose children and family members were undergoing drug usage problem. Moreover, the intoxication and excessive use of drugs had caused immoral activities in society. It is therefore, the drugs regulations were one of the most wanted laws from the authorities on the part of masses at large.

Moral Education Essay Example for Free

Moral Education Essay Moral education can be given better by parents at home, than by schoolmasters and professors in schools and colleges. Parents have numberless opportunities of guiding their children by pre ¬cept and example, opportunities denied to the teacher. Who generally meets his pupils in large classes, and seldom has the means of becoming intimately acquainted with their several char ¬acters and the faults, other than intellectual faults, to which each of them is particularly prone. The first point of importance to notice with regard to moral instruction is that, in the words of the proverb, example is better than precept. This is too often forgotten by parents, especially in the case of young children. Many parents are emphatic in incul-cating truthfulness, but, on very slight occasion think it advisable to escape the importunity or curiosity of children by deception, if not by actual falsehood. They fondly hope that the deceit will pass unnoticed; but children are keener observers than they are generally supposed to be, and very quick to detect any discrep ¬ancy between preaching and practice on the part of their elders. It is therefore imperative that parents in all cases should them ¬selves act up to the moral precepts that they inculcate upon their children. Another important point in the home training of children is careful selection of associates of their own age who will not teach them bad habits. For the same reason, especially in rich houses, great care must be taken that the servants do not exert an evil influence on their moral character. Bad servants teach a child to be deceitful and disobedient by secretly helping him to enjoy forbidden pleasures, which of course they warn him he must on no account mention to his parents. They may also render a child rude and overbearing by servile submission to his caprices and bad temper. If we now pass from home to school life, we see that the first great disadvantage that the school-master labours under is that it is very difficult for him to gain the affections of his pupils. A father can generally appeal to filial love as an inducement towards obeying the moral rules he prescribes. But a school-master ap ¬pears to boys in the position of a task-master, and is too often without reason regarded by them as their natural enemy, particu ¬larly by those whom he has to punish for idleness or other faults, that is, by the very boys who stand most in need of moral instruction. Even when a school-master has got over this hostile feeling, he finds that the large amount of daily teaching expected from him leaves him little leisure to give his pupils friendly advice in the intervals between lessons. It has been proposed in India that formal lessons in morality should be given in schools and colleges. But it is to be feared that lessons so delivered from the school-master’s desk or the professor’s chair would produce little more effect than is obtained by the writing of moral sentences in copy-books. In the great public schools of England the masters have opportunities of de ¬livering moral lessons under more favourable conditions, when they preach the weekly sermon on Sunday in the sacred precincts of the school chapel. The Indian teacher has no such opportunity of using his eloquence in guiding the members of his school towards moral enthusiasm. Yet he can do much by the power of personal example, and by creating in the minds of his pupils admiration for the great English writers, who in prose or verse give expression to the highest moral thoughts. In addition to this, all intellectual education is in proportion to its success a powerful deterrent from vice, as it enables us to see more clearly the evil effects that follow from disobedience to moral rules.

Touch And Relationship Satisfaction In Romantic Relationships Psychology Essay

Touch And Relationship Satisfaction In Romantic Relationships Psychology Essay Although touch behaviors have been examined in many different contexts, little research has been done on the gender differences in the expectations of touch behaviors in nonmarital, romantic relationships. Touch has been defined as being an important nonverbal communicator in romantic relationships and plays a vital role in establishing the status and current nature of a relationship. Using the nonverbal expectancy violations theory as well as past research, this work proposes a new avenue of research that has not previously been adequately connected. Specifically, this work proposes the examination of the gender differences in the expectations of touch and how expectancy violations of touch may alter relationship satisfaction for individuals in romantic relationships. Nonverbal behaviors are essential in establishing and maintaining romantic relationships. They have the power to alter the feelings, perceptions, and emotions towards another individual in significant ways. Guerrero and Floyd (2006) state that, relationships sometimes suffer when people send conflicting nonverbal messages, express negativity through nonverbal cues, or misinterpret one anothers behaviors (p.1-2). Also, if a relational partner is not receiving nonverbal expressions of liking and affection from their significant other, this can cause the partner to feel unvalued and can increase uncertainty about the state of their relationship (Floyd Burgoon, 1999). Nonverbal cues are, therefore, relied on for attitudinal information in order to understand what a romantic partner is implying and meaning (Le Poire, Duggan, Shepard Burgoon, 2002). These behaviors are used to show the nature and status of a relationship to one another, as well as others around them. In romantic relationships, touch is one of the most important displays of affection (Floyd Burgoon, 1999). This particular nonverbal communicator has been labeled the cue that influences the nature and quality of the relationship (Guerrero Andersen, 1994, p.137-138). Couples rely on touch in order to initiate, resume, or end an intimate encounter (Mohen, 1993). Two behaviors that are associated with touch, first kiss and first sex, have been noted as important events for partners to show commitment in their relationship (Manusov, Docan-Morgan, Harvey, 2008). In addition, evidence has shown that people touch and expect to be touched more in close relationships (Burgoon, Walther, Baesler, 1992). Because touch is such an important nonverbal communicator in romantic relationships, it is necessary to examine how touch defines an interpersonal relationship. Are there gender differences in the expected use of touch in romantic relationships? This article intends to shed light on the expectations of touch in romantic relationships and how violations of these expectations can affect relationship satisfaction. This article will extend the current knowledge of the nonverbal expectancy violations model to touch behaviors and relationship satisfaction in romantic relationships. According to Floyd and Burgoon (1999), in established romantic relationships affectionate behavior should be more expected than it is among strangers. In these types of relationships, two individuals develop person-specific expectancies for their partner (Burgoon Hale, 1988). Nonverbal expectancies are acts that are seen as appropriate, desired, preferred, and most typical. These personal expectancies are based on an individuals intimate knowledge of their partner, their relational history, and their experiences with that person. Attached to nonverbal behaviors are different relational messages, which are the communicative means by which romantic dyads define their interpersonal relationship (Burgoon Le Poire, 1999). Burgoon and Hale (1984) concluded that there are as many as twelve nonorthogonal relational message dimensions that can be simplified into four categories: intimacy, dominance, composure, and formality. A single nonverbal behavior can have several different relational meanings, however, a few nonverbal behaviors, like touch, have consistently been used to only express liking, affection, and intimacy (Burgoon Le Poire, 1999). The way in which an individual evaluates the behaviors from their partner may have an effect on relationship satisfaction. Relationship satisfaction is an individuals evaluation of a relationship which is based on their attitude and overall happiness in the relationship. Relational Messages In association with four relational messages of intimacy, dominance, composure, and formality are sub dimensions of nonverbal involvement. Coker and Burgoon (1987) found nonverbal cues of immediacy, expressivity, altercentrism, conversation management, and relaxation to be applicable to the construct of conversational involvement. To breakdown interpersonal constructs into finer-grained constituents, positivity is also added to the preceding five sub dimensions. Immediacy includes nonverbal behaviors that establish a sense of psychological closeness or distance (Burgoon Le Poire, 1999, p.108), such as touch and proximity. Expressivity includes vocal variety, facial expressions, or any such behavior that makes a communication style more animated. Behaviors that signal attentiveness to another individual are related to altercentrism, and behaviors of conversation management promote smooth communication. Relaxation includes postural asymmetry, absence of adaptor gestures, and absence o f nervous vocalizations (Burgoon Le Poire, 1999, p.108) and lastly, smiling, nodding, and facial pleasantness are behaviors of positivity (Burgoon Le Poire, 1999). The relational messages of intimacy, dominance, composure, and formality frame the nonverbal cues that a partner sends. Burgoon and Le Poire (1999) state that these messages make an impact on current and future interpersonal judgments of a romantic partner, including judgments of rapport, likeability, honesty, and power. Relational messages of intimacy include themes of affection, immediacy, trust, receptivity, depth, and similarity or their opposites toward a relational partner. Intimacy is greatly associated with nonverbal cues of positivity, which express messages of warmth, affiliation, and rapport. Dominance is a composite of conversational control, assertiveness, power, and persuasiveness or their opposites, such as submissiveness and modesty. It can be expressed by both highly immediate and nonimmediate behaviors, as well as holding the conversational floor for a longer period of time and frequently interrupting another individual. Composure includes expressions of arousal and tension or relaxation, as well as composure that are tied to the relationship. For greater composure, behaviors of high immediacy, positivity, and relaxation are used. Finally, formality includes maintaining a polite and formal demeanor or allowing casualness into the relationship. Greater formality is expressed through nonimmediacy, inexpressivity, nonrelaxation, and absence of positivity (Burgoon Le Poire, 1999, p.109). In a study conducted for better understanding individuals perceptions of relational messages, Burgoon and Le Poire (1999) found that higher perceived intimacy was associated with higher immediacy, greater expressivity, greater proxemic involvement, better conversation management, moderate relaxation, and higher positivity. Greater dominance was expressed by higher immediacy, greater expressivity, greater proxemic involvement, more fluent speech, greater relaxation, and greater positivity. Composure was associated with greater immediacy, greater expressivity, greater proxemic involvement, fluent speech, greater relaxation, and higher positivity. Finally, higher formality was conveyed through less immediacy, reduced expressivity, less proxemic involvement, less fluent speech, less relaxation, and less positivity. Past research suggests that romantic partners expect their interactions with their partners to be more involved and pleasant, and thus the behaviors are more positively valenced (Guerrero Jones, 2000). So what happens to relationship satisfaction when that expectation is violated? Willis and Briggs (1992) have noted that when only one relational partner engages in touch, the other individual is perceived as being nonintimate and cold. This negative perception of the other individual, which is the result of a nonimmediacy violation, could cause partner satisfaction to decrease. Comparatively, Burgoon and Hale (1988) found that nonimmediacy violations for friends produced lower ratings on competence, character, sociability, and also produced lower ratings on attractiveness of the other individual. Also, it has been shown that as relational satisfaction decreased, the behaviors are seen as more controllable, stable, and intentional (Manusov, 1990). Therefore, it is apparent that this c ould be the same result for individuals in romantic relationships, and that this perception of the other individual could lead to a change in relationship satisfaction. Nonverbals in Intimate Relationships Guerrero and Jones (2000) suggest that when behaviors deviate so far from what is expected, they become unacceptable and result in large behavioral changes. These changes lead to substantial arousal change, dislike, and avoidance. Obviously, these behavioral changes in response to a relational partner would be detrimental to maintaining the relationship. In addition, the researchers found that romantic couples generally reciprocate the behaviors of their partners for both increases and decreases in intimacy. Therefore, if a partner is showing behaviors of less intimacy by not using touch, the other partner would use less touch behaviors as well. Overtime, the increase in the use of negative nonverbal behaviors, or the lack of using expected nonverbal behaviors, could alter each partners relationship satisfaction. Similar research has been done on touch behaviors in romantic dyads. However, very few studies have focused on the expectations of touch and how touch expectancy violations affect relationship satisfaction for romantic relationships. Past research has included age differences, contextual differences, and gender differences for touch. Research has also focused on relationship-stage differences, with a focus mainly on marital relationships. Studies have shown that married couples rely on nonverbal cues when communicating intimately and sexually. Also, differences in expressing affection between premarital and marital period suggest that affection becomes less physical (Mohen, 1993). However, in serious, dating, and marital relationships, it was found that touch increases as the relationship develops and progresses (Guerrero Andersen, 1994). Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication Inevitably, various gender differences have been studied in nonverbal communication. Many studies find similar results, but there are mixed findings. Studies have shown that males and females differ in their use of nonverbal behaviors when comforting another individual (Dolin Booth-Butterfield, 1993). Researchers have shown that women rate items concerning nonverbal communication higher than men, that nonverbal communication is perceived as more important for more long lasting relationships, and that individuals in casual-dating relationships perceive nonverbal behavior as not important (Prinsen Punyanunt-Cater, 2009). Nguyen et al. (1975) found that unmarried men and women have different reactions to touch, however Hanzal et al (2008) have shown that men and women in marital relationships have comparable reactions to intimate touch. They also found that married women have more positive reactions to intimate touch than married men, and the trend reverses for unmarried couples. Beca use of the mixed research, it is necessary to take a closer look at the gender differences in the use of and response to touch behaviors in romantic relationships. Sex differences in the perception, expectancy, and use of touch behaviors could be a main cause for nonverbal expectancy violations and inaccurate decoding of nonverbal cues. Women associated more touch with sexual desire and considered it less pleasant or indicative of warmth and love. Men also associated more touch with sexual desire, but viewed the behavior as more pleasant, playful, and indicative of warmth and love. The fact that both genders hold contradictory views on intimate touch could mean that both genders have differing expectations of touch for one another. This could lead to expectancy violations between the partners, which could alter relationship satisfaction. In fact, Hanzal et al. (2007) suggest that it is possible that sex differences in reactions to touch are reflective of differences in feelings about the significant other, or relationship in general (p.32). Decoding Nonverbal Behaviors Floyd and Burgoon (1999) state that negatively misinterpreted nonverbal behaviors are also valenced negatively. This means that errors in decoding the cues can play a major role in determining how a person perceives his or her romantic relationship. For example, if an individual in a romantic relationship does not hold his partners hand as often as he used to, the partner might think he is being distant and cold. The detachment that is now associated with the others behavior could cause the partners satisfaction to decrease. Carton at al. (1999) found that couples who make errors in decoding certain nonverbal cues reported a less well-being of the relationship. Relationship Satisfaction It is obvious that nonverbal behaviors are important for understanding the actual meaning of a partners message. The evaluations of these behaviors are linked to relationship satisfaction. Previous studies have shown that individuals in dating relationships are more aware of the nonverbal cues of others (Fichten, Tagalakis, Judd, Wright, Amsel, 1992). Thus, if individuals are so aware of the nonverbal behaviors of their partners, the way the individual decodes their messages will influence their relationship satisfaction. Manusov et al. (2008) suggested that how positively or negatively one feels about their relationship may influence their evaluation of a behavior. For married couples, studies have shown that accuracy in decoding nonverbal affect was associated with a partners marital satisfaction (Koerner Fitzpatrick, 2002). Therefore, when the intended meaning of a message is accurately decoded, then the relationship has a more positive context. Likewise, Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002) found that high satisfying relationships provide a framework for more accurate understanding and decoding of nonverbal cues. On the other hand, a decrease in relationship satisfaction can affect the way individuals decode nonverbal cues. Noller and Feeney (1994) found that relationship dissatisfaction in marital relationships leads to distorted perceptions of a partners message. Relationship Turning Points Manusov et al. (2008) argue that the ways one person interprets a nonverbal behavior can cause turning points in a relationship. These turning points are a product of an individuals interpretation that may not have occurred if a different analysis of the nonverbal behavior was made. Graham (1997) defines turning points as changes that happen in a relationship that trigger a reinterpretation of what the relationship means to [the] participants. These new meanings can influence the perceived importance of and justification for continued investment in the relationship (p. 351). This supports the idea that the decoding nonverbal of cues plays a vital role in establishing the current nature of a relationship. For example, interpreting a nonverbal cue positively could cause a relationship to become more serious and intimate, and thus increase relationship satisfaction. However, if one decodes the cue oppositely, it could possibly send the relationship in the opposite direction. They have a lso shown that touch is one of the most frequent nonverbal cues that have been reported as triggers for relationship change (Manusov, Docan-Morgan, Harvey, 2008). This further verifies that touch has a powerful impact on romantic relationships, as well as relationship satisfaction. Many of their findings reflect how behaviors work to shift an individuals view of their relationship with another person. Participants were asked to self report on a nonverbal behavior that they felt altered a relationship for them. After coding the entries, the researchers concluded that each participants recollected nonverbal behavior altered how they defined and viewed their relationship with the other individual. Their findings show that nonverbal behaviors are capable of altering relationship satisfaction. In addition, the results show that touch is one of the main causes for a perceptual shift of another person, as well as a main cause for relationship change (Manusov, Docan-Morgan, Harvey, 2008). Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory In order to examine the expectations of touch in romantic relationships, the nonverbal expectancy violations theory is applied to this study. The model states that people hold expectations and preferences about the nonverbal behaviors of other individuals. This is especially so in close, interpersonal relationships because of the known idiosyncrasies of the other individual. Based on the knowledge of the individual, a person will anticipate how the other will behave during interactions and will evaluate the others behaviors. This evaluation, or valence, is the persons approval or disapproval of the others nonverbal behaviors (Burgoon Hale, 1988). For example, if a person expects their romantic partner to hold their hand and the partner performs that behavior, then the nonverbal behavior is positively valenced. In addition, the model is used to predict and explain terminal communication consequences. If the actual (violation) behavior is more positively valenced than the expected behavior(s), a positive violation occurs and should produce more favorable communication outcomes than conforming to the expected (normative) pattern. Conversely, if the actual behavior is more negatively valenced than the expected behavior, a negative violation is said to occur and should yield more negative consequences than conforming to expectations (Burgoon Hale, 1988, p.65). Violations committed by a well-liked person, such as a relational partner, are upheld to higher standards than behaviors used by a stranger. During interactions with their significant other, romantic couples assume that their partners will act differently and more satisfyingly than how they would interact with another person. Therefore, if a relational partner avoids using an expected nonverbal behavior, it could cause the other partner to evaluate the behavior as a more serious negative violation. Also, by simply conforming to social norms, an individual may see that their relational partner has also committed a small, negative violation (Burgoon Hale, 1988). The accumulated research that has been done on this theory has supported a variety of conclusions. Evidence has supported that interactants will develop expectations about the distancing and immediacy behaviors of others, communicator behaviors and characteristics that contribute to interpersonal rewards mediate communication outcomes, and that violations are arousing and distracting. In addition, rewarding communicators frequently increase the most favorable communication outcomes by violating expectancies, and nonrewarding communicators frequently increase their optimal communication outcomes by conforming to distance expectancies for conversational distance. Finally, for eye gaze, evidence has supported that rewarding communicators achieve greatest attraction, credibility, and endorsement by engaging in nearly continuous gaze or normal gaze, while gaze aversion produces negative consequences (Burgoon Hale, 1988). The nonverbal expectancy violations theory has also been used in co mparison with other theories, such as the interaction adaptation theory (Le Poire Yoshimura, 1999) and has been extended to immediacy violations and to interactions among strangers and friends (Burgoon Hale, 1988). Overall, this review has shown that touch is an important nonverbal communicator in romantic relationships and is essential for displaying ones level of affection. Past research has shown that various gender differences exist in the use of, response to, and the perception of touch behaviors. Research has also found that the misinterpretation of nonverbal behaviors causes a decrease in relationship satisfaction. However, research has mainly focused on married couples and has not focused on the expectations of touch in romantic relationships. The expectancy violations model advocates that when our expectations are met, the other persons behavior is judged positively and when our expectations are not met, the behaviors are judged negatively. Because of this model, the examination of how the violations of the expectations affect an individuals perception of relationship satisfaction is necessary. Logical reasoning would be to address the gender differences in the expectations of touch in romantic relationships as well as its affect on relationship satisfaction because of the past findings. This study will examine how the violations of the expectations affect an individuals perception of relationship satisfaction. The following research questions are posed: Findings have shown that touch is an important nonverbal communicator in romantic relationships. It is known that various gender differences exist in the use and perception of touch behaviors. However, research has not examined the differences in the expectations of touch in romantic relationships. Because past research has focused mainly on the use of touch in marital relationships, it is necessary to observe the use of touch in dating relationships. The proposed research study will add to our understanding of how expectancy violations can alter relationship satisfaction for individuals in romantic relationships. Examining the gender differences in the expectations of touch will allow individuals to be more understanding of their partners behaviors.