Polymers and plastics in biomedical applications

Polymers and plastics in biomedical applications Introduction Polymers are increasingly being used to fabricate biomedical materials for tissue engineering and wound treatment applications, as well as for drug delivery. For tissue engineering and wound treatment applications, the mechanical properties of the polymeric material have to be matched to the specific application. An example of tissue engineering is the use of bioresorbable polymeric orthopedic materials for bone regeneration applications. The degradable material supports the growth and adhesion of new bone cells (chondrocytes) and is porous so as to provide a large, continuous surface for cell proliferation throughout the matrix. The degradable material serves to maintain mechanical integrity while the bone heals itself. The materials are designed to degrade in a time suitable for the particular application, but may be on the order of six months to twenty-four months. An example of an external wound treatment application is artificial skin, where the polymeric material provides protection as new growth develops. Other materials are used internally to separate organs after surgical procedures. In tissue engineering and wound treatment applications the mechanical properties of the materials have to meet requirements specific to the application. In this experiment you will determine how the tensile properties of films of plasticized biopolymers depend on the chemical formulation of the material. Such applications are based on the polymer materials being degradable as well as biocompatible. Other applications might require materials that are biocompatible and nondegradable, such as long-term polyethylene implants. Polymers Polymers can be synthetic or biological. Synthetic polymers are almost always made from nonrenewable fossil feedstocks, mainly petroleum. Examples are polyethylene, polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), and polypropylene, all of which are polyolefins. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] is a synthetic polyester. None of the above-named polymers are degradable, the main reason being that the polymer backbones contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. Examples of biodegradable polymers derived from petroleum are poly(vinyl alcohol) [a polyalcohol], poly(ethylene glycol)[a polyether], and the polyesters polycaprolactone and poly(glycolic acid). Polymers with heteroatoms in their backbones are generally biodegradable, although there are exceptions. Biological polymers (biopolymers) are found in nature; they are intrinsically biodegradable. Abundant biopolymers include plant polysaccharides such as starch (composed of amylose and amylopectin), cellulose, agarose, and carrageenan, and animal polysaccharides such as chitin and the glycosaminoglycans. Abundant proteins include gelatin(denatured/hydrolyzed collagen), casein, keratin, and fibroin. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an example of a synthetic commercial polymer in which the monomer, lactic acid, is produced in large amounts through fermentation; the polymer is then synthesized by conventional methods. PLA is biodegradable. Mechanical Properties In implant and wound healing applications, the mechanical properties of the materials are of critical importance. In this experiment you will carry out tensile tests—tests in which specimens are placed between two clamps (grips) and drawn. The instrument measures and displays the force being applied (the load) and the resulting increase in the length of the sample (elongation, also called extension). From the dimensions of the film specimen (width and thickness), the instrument software calculates and displays the tensile stress (ï  ³), equal to the load (F) per unit area of cross section (A = width x thickness). It also calculates the (tensile) strain (ï  ¥), equal to the elongation (extension) divided by the original length of that portion of the specimen being measured (called the gage length). [In our experiment, the gage length is simply the separation of the grips securing the specimen.] The instrument will display percent elongation, which is the strain multiplied by 100. As the tensile test proceeds, the instrument generates and displays a tensile stress-strain curve, which is a diagram that displays values of tensile stress (in MPa) plotted against tensile strain (%). The test continues until the specimen breaks. From the stress-strain curve, the software determines, and reports the following results in table form: (1) Tensile strength at break (or ultimate strength), which is the tensile stress at break. (2) Elongation at break, as a percentage. (3) Youngs modulus (also known as elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity or sometimes simply as modulus). It is calculated as the initial slope of the stress-strain curve, which is usually observed to be linear with plastic films. This initial region reflects the elastic deformation of the specimen, in which the stress varies linearly with strain, analogous to Hookes law for the expansion of a spring. Beyond the linear region, the behavior is termed viscous; polymers and plastics are said to be viscoelastic materials. Modulus is a measure of the stiffness of the polymer or plastic. Table 1. Typical tensile properties of materials Material t.s.(MPa) elong.(%) modulus(MPa) polyethylene, low density 10 620 166 polycaprolactone 26 600-1000 435 polypropylene 36 1380 poly(lactic acid), biaxially oriented film 110/145 160/100 3310/3860 keratin(human hair) 526 46 6700 copper, annealed 240 30 100,000-130,000 steel 380-700 200,000-250,000 glass 2160-4830 50,000-70,000 Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 4th ed.; Handbook of Physics, 2nd ed. Experimental Procedure 1. Film casting Prepare the following cast films of plasticized biopolymers. Sample 1 Place 32 mL of 2%(v/v) aqueous glycerol solution in a 200 mL beaker. Add 88 mL water and 2.40 g starch and 4.8 g agar. Heat with stirring to approximately 85-95  °C or until the polymer is in solution; do not boil. Slowly pour the solution into the big petri dish on a flat level surface. Try to remove all imperfections (bubbles) from the surface. Sample 2. Repeat using 32 mL glycerol solution, 88 mL water, and 1.20 g starch and 3.6 g agar. Sample 3. Repeat using 48 mL glycerol solution, 72 mL water, and 1.20 g starch and 3.0 g agar. Sample 4. Repeat using 48 mL glycerol solution, 72 mL water, and 2.40 g starch and 3.5 g agar. Allow the solutions to set for approximately one hour then place the petri dish in the drying oven. Label all petri dishes. 2. Film conditioning After the agar films have been in the drying oven for about 24 hours, remove the petri dishes from the oven and place them in the large relative-humidity conditioning box (maintained at approximately 50% relative humidity) for 24-48 hours. 3. Preparing test specimens After conditioning, the films are ready to have test specimens prepared from them. Working with one sample at a time, remove the petri dish from the conditioning box. Slowly and carefully remove the film from the petri dish by first peeling one corner and then applying fairly equal pressure to the entire width of the film as it comes off the petri dish lengthwise. Place the sample on a piece of cardboard. Using the 1/4 wide aluminum template as a straight edge, and the cutting knife, cut a rectangle approximately 3.5 x 3 from the center of the film, so as not to include any edges, as they are often not as uniform in thickness as the center. Align the sample on the cardboard as follows: Place the 1/4 wide aluminum template vertically near one of the edges. Using the cutting tool, cut on both sides of the template to produce a specimen 3.5 long and 1/4 wide. Cut as cleanly as possible so as not to notch or tear the specimen. Cut six or seven additional strips, but do not use the second cut of the previous specimen as the first edge of the next; make two new cuts to produce each specimen. Place the cut specimens on a piece of filter paper and transfer them into the dessicator located next to the Instron instrument. Similarly prepare specimens from the other three film samples. 4. Measuring mechanical properties of test specimens During the laboratory you will measure the mechanical properties of the fours cast films. Measure at least five specimens for each of the four film samples. As you remove each specimen from the dessicator, you will be measuring the thickness of the specimen with a digital caliper. 5. Operating the Instron Testing Instrument Refer instrument manual. 6. Laboratory Report 1. Express the compositions of the four film samples in terms of the weight percent of each component to two significant figures (excluding water); i.e. % agar, % glycerol (the density of glycerol is 1.26) and, if present, % starch. 2. Prepare a summary table of results showing the mean values of tensile strength (Mpa) (to 3 sig. figs.) and its standard deviation, elongation (%) (to 2 sig. figs.) and its standard deviation, and elastic modulus (MPa) (to 3 sig.figs.) and its standard deviation. [ASTM specifies these numbers of significant figures; a smaller number of significant figures would otherwise be justified given the observed standard deviations.] 3. For the three agar-glycerol films what correlation do you observe between the effect of glycerol on one property and its effect on the others? Prepare a graph for each of the properties showing variation with composition. In Excel you can show a standard error for each point separately by using a separate data series for each point. Do not show a trend line and do not attempt to connect the data points.

Change over Time Renaissance Essay

Because of the Middle ages and the crusades, the Renaissance and the humanistic art and literature and the Protestant Reformation and the splitting of the Catholic Church. Those three ages brought upon important historical events which we all know and study. The Middle Ages and the crusades where first and then came the Renaissance with humanistic art and then the Protestant Reformation and the splitting of the Catholic Church. Middle Ages were one of the most destructive and important times in our history with the bubonic plague and the crusades. The bubonic plague was the cause of invading and unhealthy living when mice and small fleas from a town where transported on to boat with survivors and brought to Europe. It came into Europe because of Mongol invaders, and it killed over 100 million of the world’s population. The crusades began their â€Å"heavenly war† because of Pope urban urging the English and all his subjects to go out to war and recapture the holy land. ————————————————- Around the 1400’s after all the crusades and plague had gone by, the kings work had been done so his subjects were at peace and feudalism was through, so the cultural movement of middle ages(salvation) was gone and was replaced by a new artistic movement called Humanism. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most fascinating people of the 14th century as he was not only an artist but an inventor, a scientist, an engineer and a botanist among other things, he would often praise the human intellect to achieve things( as was the theme for this time period). Galileo Galilei is also fascinating as he is the first scientist to say the earth revolves around the sun, thus â€Å"defying† the word of god, which no one in the time of the Middle Ages would do as they wanted and believed that they had to work to get to heaven and never blaspheme the word of god. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- The protestant reformation was a reforming act that was led by Martin Luther and many other early Protestants who thought that you should go to heaven for your acts and not by working towards it unlike the past two ages. The ninety-five theses were written by Martin Luther and were 95 ideas on how to change the Christian church to make it sacred and unsecular again. Since the church only made slight changes to their rules, Martin Luther and his followers created protestism, If it was in the Middle Ages, Martin luther would’ve been slain, and if in the Renaissance he would have been shunned. ———————————————— ————————————————- As These passages tell you there where major changes in Europe have shaped the way the world is today. The Middle ages , the Reniassan ce and the protestant reformation all made the world different . The crusades, humanistic art and ninety five theses are very important. ————————————————-

Management and Academic Strategies - 947 Words

Emmanuel Manchild Dugger CS113 Academic Strategies for the Business Professional Writing Assignment May 6, 2013 Discuss how this course has affected you in your development as a student and explain how it has prepared you for academic success. Academic Strategies has prepared me for the professional atmosphere to enter into my career. In the beginning of the course I had an assignment that requires me to open up to complete strangers about my personal goals. This indeed was a challenge to me because the goals that I have sometimes seem like they are not achievable to me but I know they are realistic and can happen. It was a challenge to me because I had to learn to accept†¦show more content†¦When writing out my goals and plan for my long and short term goal I utilize the time management skill set out a realistic time frame that I will meet. From taking the M.I. test I was able to address certain issue about myself concerning my dislikes and likes. The M.I. test I was able to found out that I am a visual learner and that I can follow direction when they are giving to me. This technique can use to narrow down my choose when I looking for a promotion or a greater challenge without stepping to far outside of my care er in long or short term. Also by taking the M.I. it gives me and idea of characteristics that I can search pertaining to my career such high interpersonal skills and being a very logical-mathematical person. A assignment that I had an unit 8 on interviewing a professional gave me a second person perspective on setting goals. This portion of unit 8 can help me in my long term goal and short term goal by doing some back ground checks on company that I am potential interested in. 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The Science Framework For Biology - 930 Words

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Furthermore, this unit will contain activi ties that require students to expound upon prior knowledge and use higher order thinking skills which can prepare students for the kinds of problems or concerns they may encounter in the future. I believe that the concept related sequencing pattern would work best for many of the concepts associated with the science curriculum. Therefore, I will use the concept-related pattern of sophistication for this unit because it requires the least complex concept, DNA, to be taughtShow MoreRelatedNon Intrusive Treatment For Medical Science1289 Words   |  6 PagesScience (BS) Pre-Dental A Bachelor of Science in Biology, concentrating on the pre-proficient track, gets ready understudies for acknowledgment into dental school. Educational programs offers histology and embryology, essentials for some dental projects. 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The Great American Civil War - 1204 Words

The great American Civil War changed and shaped America back in the late 1800s and early 1900s, but little do we know it still has a lasting effect on us today. The Civil War was so devastating back in the 1860s that it helped to develop many new technologies, ideals, and culture. Some of the effects still hang on around us today, and may even influence your everyday life without you even knowing it. On December 20, 1860 the state of South Carolina seceded from the Union, United States of America, to form a new country, the Confederate States of America, Confederacy. This happened just after the election when the first republican president, Abraham Lincoln, was voted into office. At the time, South Carolina was the only state to secede from the union. On April 12, 1861, a full 114 days, a tiny fort was attacked. The fort was called Fort Sumter. It was the first attack on the United States of America by the Confederate States of America. There were no casualties in the battle, but it had a drastic effect on what was to come. Just 58 days after the Battle of Fort Sumter, eleven other states seceded from the United States of America to join South Carolina in the Confederate States of America.The United States of America had split in half, and war could not be stopped. The first major battle of the Civil War was known as the First Battle of Bull Run which occurred at Manassas, Virginia. A little over 55,000 soldiers engaged in the battle, in which just over 4,700 casualtiesShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Great Battles of the American Civil War1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Battles of the American Civil War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War, often called the War for Southern Independence began on April 12, 1861. The main cause of the war was slavery. The southern states depended on slaves to help grow crops which were the main source of income for the south. Slavery was illegal in all of the northern states but most people actually were neutral about it. The main conflict was if slavery should be permitted in the newly developing western territories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first battleRead MoreUnderstanding The Civil War1710 Words   |  7 Pages Civil War Chris Cowan HIS/155 November 11, 2015 Civil War Understanding the Civil War is very important, to understand the way America has been shaped through out the past couple of centuries. Shelby Foote, a historian, believed that the Civil War defines the people in America. The Civil War was a war involving the North (The Union) and the South (The Confederates) who had different points of view over whether or not slavery was justified. Ultimately around 600,000 Americans lost theirRead MoreDebate on Civil War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Historians’ Debate on the Civil War The American Civil War has without a doubt left a permanent divide on this great nation’s past and present. 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The Birthday Party Free Essays

â€Å"Birthday Party† Love can fade away or be lost by even the strongest of couples in the view of society. The â€Å"Birthday Party,† by Katharine Brush relates the relationship of two â€Å"unmistakably married† couple, out for a small celebration, which goes wrong as an example of love that can not always be sustained by age. As couples get older it is harder to sustain love in front of society, and Brush shows the idea by incorporating symbolism, tone, and point of view to the story. We will write a custom essay sample on The Birthday Party or any similar topic only for you Order Now Brush uses the tone to build up the audience’s emotions toward the married couple and also identify why the situation occurred. In the begging she mentions that they looked â€Å"unmistakably married† which emphasizes the bond of love that appears on the outside. The physical aspect of their relationship is good to show because it lets society know that there is a strong bond, making it easier for the audience to react in the shocked way that they did when the incident occurred. The contradicting choice of words of Brush when describing the incident also gives the confusion that something is not right. By using fadingly pretty, beamed with shy pride, unmistakably married, hotly embarrassed and not pleased you can see a foreshadowing of what may happen according to the mixed signals. In a way, it has the reader thinking back and fort whether this is love after a long period of time. What seems to be an ordinary day out, turns into a small celebration in which we can compare the minor events as symbolism to their love. The cake that was brought out showed the wife’s affection for her husband, therefore simply signified her love to him. When the cake was rejected by the husband, it meant that the husband had little interest in her love. This reveals that the strong physical relationship that the audience saw in the beginning is false now that they see the husband hotly mad. It shows that their love is slowly decaying in front of society. The fact that they are out in public illustrates the judgment of all to what love truly is, difficult to manage as time goes on. People will always be judgmental of couples and their relationship which is why Brush describes the wife as wearing a â€Å"big hat. The big hat that she wears, after she has been humiliated by her husband, represents what most girls do during emotional tolls. They use them to cover up their emotions so that they are not pitted on by others. This attempt to hide does not work very well because Brush describes the scene where the narrator shows a sign of pity for the lonely sobbing woman. In this short story love has shifted the couple’s relationshi p in a serious way which gives the audience an opinion of how they should react according to their point of view. There are many biased forms to interpret who is to blame for a fallen relationship. The way that Brush describes the story and from what point of view she portrayed the situation it seems as though there is a feminist background on who is to blame for this relationship. Describing the woman more dramatically, â€Å"fadingly pretty† and â€Å"in a big hat,† than the man, it implies that she finds the woman to be more presentable to society; therefore carrying more about how people see her. There is evidence of acting dramatically. When she cried inside the restaurant, it can most likely show that from the point of view of the audience she was the helpless one with a broken heart and the man was very rude. Throughout life the bond of love is seen in society in different ways than they are seen in the inside. Society can change the view of love as Brush shows that love is can’t be predicted and that hopeless love is possible. If there is no hope for love as an older couple that it shows us what couples of today’s generation will go through. How to cite The Birthday Party, Papers The Birthday Party Free Essays Have you ever been so afraid that you have felt that even your hair trembled? When a delightful day starts and you are full of life but suddenly you think you are not going to tell your friends and family how much you love them, and how much you miss them before you die. At 7 o’clock in the evening I went to the cinema with some friends to celebrate my birthday. I knew that something was going wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on The Birthday Party or any similar topic only for you Order Now I knew that, that night wasn’t an ordinary night. I knew I had to go home on foot and not by car. Everything and everyone was different. My friends arrived and we decided to watch a horror movie, â€Å"Gothika†. We entered the screen but something strange happened. There weren’t any other people! In the middle of the movie somebody was calling me. I did not know the number, so I did not answered but whoever it was, he kept calling. I answered. A creepy voice whispered, â€Å"It will rain tonight.† I told my friends about it, and they laughed. â€Å"Leoni don’t be crazy! It’s just a joke! This morning the sun was shining it will not rain! â€Å"Come on do not be afraid. Calm down Leoni!† Peter soothed. â€Å"The movie we have chosen is a bit scary and she is afraid. Calm down Leoni!† Epaminondas whispered. â€Å"She is just not in a good mood.† Maria said. â€Å"I am telling you there was something scary with those words, something strange.† I whispered. At about 11:25 everybody left and I started walking back home. There was a full moon. A terrifying wind made the trees rustle. The wind whistled through the leaves like a wining sound. I was so frightened. I felt like someone was coming after me. I saw a narrow road and I decided to go home from there. Suddenly, it started raining. I panicked. A howling voice whispered, â€Å"I told you, it will rain.† Blood boomed in my ears. I wanted to run away or close my eyes and be at home but it could not happen. While I was thinking about any ideas dealing with my scariness I saw an old lady. She was a short, fat lady and with grey hair. Was she behind this bad joke? She seemed like an ordinary woman with droopy eyes and short hair. I started walking towards her when a black figure appeared. Who was he? Was he someone she knew? Was he the one that phoned me? What was this night about? The man had long, black hair and almond eyes. He was carrying something. A knife! I wanted to warn her but I couldn’t move. I was stuck and I couldn’t move my legs. I called Maria she was sleeping. Jane was sleeping too. What shall I do? Who shall I phone to come and help me? What if it was all my imagination? I phoned Chris, I didn’t say much. I just told him to come to the narrow road, near the cinema. The woman was still there. She seemed to be looking for something. The man was still behind her. I told Chris to pull me just to try and move my legs. I could walk! I could run! But I couldn’t run for long until I stopped in front of the old lady. While trembling I asked, â€Å"What are you looking for?† â€Å"My umbrella, child, didn’t anyone tell you it would rain tonight? You are all wet. Come, take my jacket!† she said. I looked behind me and I saw the man walking away. The figure became one with the dark night. When I turned around I saw him. My heart was beating so fast and I could hardly breathe. It missed a beat! He opened his mouth to say something and I noticed that he was missing a tooth. He was very scary. He whispered, â€Å"Didn’t I tell you it would rain? You thought I was joking. You did not believe me! I will make you believe me!† â€Å"Chris! Chris! Where are you?† I shouted. I opened my eyes. Chris and my friends were next to me. They were all smiling but you knew they were upset. â€Å"†Was the film so boring that you slept while we were watching it?† Chris asked. â€Å"It was a nightmare! Thank God!† I called. â€Å"You have a missed call from an unknown number.† Epaminondas said. â€Å"Oh no!† I shouted. â€Å"What’s wrong?† Maria asked. â€Å"I saw a nightmare. Don’t tell me to explain it because I cannot. Please can somebody do me a favour?† I asked. â€Å"Whatever you want! We will always be there for you!† Joanna shouted. â€Å"Can you phone this number back?† I asked. â€Å"Sure.† Joanna said. She phoned. She waited. She phoned another time. Nobody answered. She phoned from her mobile. Again. No answer. â€Å"Leoni are you sure this is the right number?† She asked. â€Å"Yes. This was the number that phoned me.† I whispered. â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬ She mumbled. â€Å"But what? What is wrong? Tell me!† I cried. â€Å"This number is not in use.† She whispered. â€Å"It is! Look it is calling me again.†Ã¢â‚¬  I complained. â€Å"Answer it.† Maria suggested. â€Å"I t will rain tonight!† A creepy voice whispered. â€Å"Oh no! This cannot be happening! Can you take me home? Please?† I asked desperately. â€Å"Hello? Can you hear me? Maria? Joanna? Chris? Epaminondas?† I shouted. But nobody could hear me. It seemed that I was trapped somewhere and nobody could hear me or even see me. Yes†¦I was dreaming!!!!!!!! I opened my eyes and suddenly the lights went on, a chorus of happy voices yelled happily happy birthday to me! How to cite The Birthday Party, Papers

Digital Tools for Digital Security Guide- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theDigital Tools for Digital Security Guide. Answer: Digital Security Guide The world is becoming smaller day by day due to the growing interconnectivity between different parts of the world. This is all because of internet. However, even though there are lot of benefits of internet at the present day, it does prove as a major threat at the present age. Thus, this digital security guide has been created for the employees. Passwords It is crucial that the passwords created by the employees are effective and secure. In this matter, there is a need for the password to be alphanumeric with symbols as such passwords cannot be hacked. Also, the individuals should refrain from using their date of births as passwords as these are easily cracked (Nahari Krutz, 2017). Credibility of Website Such websites should be avoided which are not secured and this can be inferred from the green or red mark in the box where the URL of a website is written. Also, the websites which have proper trademarks, and are active are credible, and the ones like Wikipedia or the blogs are not deemed as credible websites as the matter on these sites can be altered by anyone (Nahari Krutz, 2017). Some key terms Spams are the unsolicited messages which can be easily spotted and can damage the system on which the same is opened or is responded from. Phishing are the emails sent by internet criminal which are disguised as email from trustworthy or legitimate source. The purpose is to lure the person in revealing confidential information. Spoofing refers to the criminals who impersonate other organizations or individuals for getting confidential information. Pharming refers to malicious websites which seem to be legitimate ones. It is advised to employees to stay away from such and where they doubt the authenticity of any communication, they should refrain from opening them (Texas Tech University, 2017). Password managers Password manager helps in generating and also in retrieving the complex passwords, particularly the ones in encrypted database. The advantages include the capacity of being easily incorporated in the softwares, no need of extensive modifications in computers and users being familiar with use of passwords. However, these are vulnerable, and can be blocked which make them useless (Nahari Krutz, 2017). Example of secure network Examples of network security include antivirus and antimalware softwares, application security, firewalls and network segmentation (Cisco, 2017). Encryption Encryption refers to the process whereby messages or information are encoded in such a manner that they can only be accessed by authorized parties. It does not prevent interferences and instead denies the important content to a possible interceptor. When it comes to encryption, there is a need for a successful encryption strategy to be used by the employees (O'Leary, Nelson, Green Grahn, 2017). The employees are also required to ensure that the encryption key is not provided to any third party, as the same can be used to gaining an access to the encrypted network. Denial of Service attack Denial of service attack is a kind of cyber attack in which the perpetrator attempts to make the network resource or a machine unavailable to the user of such device or resource in either temporary or indefinite manner of the host. It typically floods the servers, networks or systems with traffic in order to overwhelm the system of the victim and make it inaccessible. The employees should keep a lookout for such attacks and any suspicion of the same should be raised immediately. They should deploy the defence techniques in advance to save from such incidents, which includes firewalls and IPS based prevention (Nahari Krutz, 2017). Cloud computing Cloud computing refers to the information technology paradigm through which the omnipresent access to the shared pools of high level services and configurable system resources is enabled particularly the one which can be provisioned with minimalistic efforts over the internet. It is the general term which is used to refer to the delivery of hosted services on internet. In third party clouds, the companies are able to focus on their main business instead of having to expend their resources on infrastructure and maintenance of computers. The employees can share the resources for attaining economies of scale and coherence. It allows the employees to access information across different locations and devices (Davidi, 2013). Best practices in cloud computing The best practices in cloud computing includes the following: Creating a strategy and set of objectives before hand, so that a long term cloud strategy is articulated which relates to the overall business. Learning from the mistakes of others Avoiding upfront costs Being serious autonomy Addressing security concerns Ensuring availability and performance of data (ESJ, 2009). References Cisco. (2017). What Is Network Security? Retrieved from: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/what-is-network-security.html Davidi, A. (2013). How is cloud computing enhancing our ability to work anywhere? Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2013/dec/18/cloud-enhancing-work-anywhere-flexible ESJ. (2009). Seven Best Practices for Cloud Computing. Retrieved from: https://esj.com/Articles/2009/08/18/Cloud-Best-Practices.aspx?Page=2 Nahari, H., Krutz, R. L. (2011).Web commerce security: design and development. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. O'Leary, D., Nelson, J., Green, P., Grahn, A. (2017). 7 Key Elements of a Successful Encryption Strategy. Retrieved from: https://focus.forsythe.com/articles/364/7-Key-Elements-of-a-Successful-Encryption-Strategy Texas Tech University. (2017). Scams Spam, Phishing, Spoofing and Pharming. Retrieved from: https://www.ttu.edu/cybersecurity/lubbock/digital-life/digital-identity/scams-spam-phishing-spoofing-pharming.php